Ch'ien, Evelyn Nien-Ming. "Intimate Decisions: Racial Profiling After September 11 and in the Case of Wen Ho Lee." CR: the New Centennial Review 6 (2006): 215-44. Project Muse. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008
<http://muse.jhu.edu.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/journals/new_centennial_review/v006/6.2ch ien.pdf>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article argues against racial profiling by media after September 11 against Arab Americans and also in Win Ho Lee case against Chinese Americans. After Sept. 11, major US media shows Arab Americans as criminals or “potentially dangerous” and failed to report the hate crimes against Arab Americans which was reported in foreign media. Major media sources consistently failed to provide intimate or detailed reports of non-white citizens who were racially outlined or the victims of hate crimes. The author also gives some examples of use of language by the reporters which totally changes the meaning from what actually happened to what media was trying to show (hatred).
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This article helps me to prove that media is seen biased in reporting and how it influences people's minds by its reports. This article not only deals with influence on public but also influences the judges and the juries in decision making.
Chong, Sylvia Shin Huey. "Look, an Asian!: the Politics of Racial Interpellation in the Wake of the Virginia Tech Shootings." Journal of Asian American Studies 11 (2008): 27-60. Project Muse. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008
<http://muse.jhu.edu.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/journals/journal_of_asian_american_studie s/v011/11.1chong.pdf>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article is all about Virginia Tech Shooter who was reported by the media as an Asian in specific Korean. This relieved other Asian communities that the shooter was not from their ethnic group which would have led them to leave the country if he belonged to their community. This article also includes how we discriminate people racially just by looking at them just because of one person's actions.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This article tries to show how the media distinguishes between different people based on their race and then by influencing through the media we also perform the same action i.e. differentiating between different groups of people by Negros, Asians, Whites, and so on.
Eveland, William P., Jr., and Dhavan V. Shah. "The Impact of Individual and Interpersonal Factors on Perceived News Media Bias." Political Psychology 24 (2003): 101-117. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/3792512>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article gives evidence that media is biased for particular candidate and shows how the media get biased and affect on individuals.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This article proves the individual differences in news bias perceptions.
Gilliam, Franklin D., Jr., Nicholas A. Valentino, and Matthew N. Beckmann. "Where You Live and What You Watch: the Impact of Racial Proximity and Local Television News on Attitudes About Race and Crime." Political Research Quarterly 55 (2002): 755-80. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/view/3088078>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article exposes to the stereotypes which supports “local crime news and neighborhood racial context on attitudes about race and crime”. This article also proves that “white respondents living in white homogeneous neighborhoods endorsed more punitive policies to address crime, expressed more negative stereotypic evaluations of blacks, and felt more distant from blacks as a group. Whites from heterogeneous neighborhoods were either unaffected or moved in the opposite direction, endorsing less punitive crime policies, less negative stereotypes, and feeling closer to blacks as a group as a result of exposure to the stereotypic coverage”.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This shows that it all depends upon where we live and what we watch in order to get influenced by the people around us. This also proves that news develops our attitude towards race and crime and thereby getting racially biased.
Hagen, Michael G. "References to Racial Issues." Political Behavior 17 (1995): 49-88. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/pdfplus/586557.pdf>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article deals with the issue of race which comes to the minds of ordinary Americans, the "accessibility" of racial issues-by assessing the frequency with which ordinary Americans refer to racial issues when talking about politics. The author also argues that there is little evidence that many white Americans use references to such issues to express hostility toward black Americans. And this seen in presidential elections where people give votes based on the candidate's racial belonging.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This article will help me prove that racial bias is not only the issue with the crimes but also to other aspects of world like politics, elections and so on.
Lundman, Richard J. "The Newsworthiness and Selection Bias in News About Murder: Comparative and Relative Effects of Novelty and Race and Gender Typifications on Newspaper Coverage of Homicide." Sociological Forum 18 (2003): 357-86. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/pdfplus/3648888.pdf>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Selection of the news is made according to the “newsworthiness” as seen by the journalists who craft the news. However “journalists isolate news-worthy events using typifications that reflect existing social structure, appear logical in terms of commonsense understandings of the ways the world operates, sounds, and feels, and mesh easily with existing stereotypes, including those grounded in the belief systems that reflect and nourish race and gender stratification”.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Journalists are responsible for the biased shown in their news and the crimes happen due to the influence through their news. Newsworthiness as represented by journalists is an incomplete explanation of selection bias. Instead, news about murder is the product of journalistic assessments of newsworthiness firmly grounded in long-standing race and gender typifications.
Monti, Daniel J. "Biased and Unbiased News: Reporting Racial Controversies in the New York Times." The Sociological Quarterly 20 (1979): 399-409. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/view/4106257>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article includes newspaper bias evaluation using the New York Times' coverage of racial controversies in New York City between 1960 and July 1964. The news is constructed in a way that supports powerful parties rising bias in their reporting. News stories about the powerful may be included very often while the news about poor are excluded.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: The newspapers are not trustworthy on which someone can rely upon. If newspapers can provide unbiased picture of an issue, it is desirable to determine what is contained in the picture.
Terkildsen, Nayda, and David F. Damore. "The Dynamics of Racialized Media Coverage in Congressional Elections." The Journal of Politics 61 (1999): 680-99. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/pdfplus/2647823.pdf>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The media act as racial arbitrators by limiting racial emphases; the media bring race to the forefront of campaigns by highlighting candidate race. The media coverage of elections involving African-American candidates suppresses the use of race among the candidates themselves, but accents the race of black candidates and their constituents.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This article clearly shows the biased nature of media in elections. It gives reason for why the media get biased for the white candidates during elections; so as to get future importance to themselves with the help of the non-black candidates and thus growing themselves and not the country as a whole.
Valentino, Nicholas A. "Crime News and the Priming of Racial Attitudes During Evaluations of the President." The Public Opinion Quarterly 63 (1999): 293-320. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/pdfplus/2991710.pdf>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This prompt further consideration of the political impact of stereotype-reinforcing news. The news coverage can influence the way average citizens view the political world .
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This helps in proving that how media behaves during elections through getting racially biased.
Weitzer, Ronald John, and Steven A. Tuch. "Racially Biased Policing: Determinants of Citizen Perceptions." Social Forces 83 (2005): 1009-30. Project Muse. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008
<http://muse.jhu.edu.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/journals/social_forces/v083/83.3weitzer.pd f>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article is about behavior of police getting racial biased including differential treatment of individuals and neighborhoods, police prejudice, and racial profiling. This is due to the exposure to news media reporting on incidents of police misconduct. The perception of police practices as unfair or as racially motivated may lead to more frequent and severe confrontations between police and citizens and to greater distrust of the police.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: The reported experiences with police bias and the major determinants of citizens’ perceptions is all due to the media reporting. This reporting gives a negative impact on public's minds toward police department and people loose confidence from police as well.
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