For Wednesday, please bring to class your bibliography for the final project. Check the prompt to the right for details on the formating, which should alternate MLA format works cited entries with the 'Summary of Article' entry and the 'Relevance to Article' entry. The result should look like this:
Works cited entry
(tab)SUMMARY OF ARTICLE:
(tab)RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT:
As I suggested in class, two things to look out for. Your Summary of Article should have some reference to the conclusions of the authors, and your Relevance to Argument entry should be explicit: 'This helps prove my point because...'
Also, for those of you who are still strugglig with finding sources, feel free to open up your search to any of the CUNY+ database listings.
Monday, May 5, 2008
Magdalena-sources
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4210841.stm
This article tells us what people think of Aushwitz .People have different ideas how to think about concentration camps. The Jewish leader is sensitive about this and uses strong words
and expresses emotions.The Polish president does the same thing almost. The German is in a different situation and he is silent . I think that the Jewish person from Warsaw Ghetto said a smart thing during the aniversaries of Wharsaw Ghetto Uprising. The person said'' We should always remember but we should not live with hate because only then we win with the devil''.
He also said'' What I saw very few people saw and they can not talk about this too much''
This article tells us what people think of Aushwitz .People have different ideas how to think about concentration camps. The Jewish leader is sensitive about this and uses strong words
and expresses emotions.The Polish president does the same thing almost. The German is in a different situation and he is silent . I think that the Jewish person from Warsaw Ghetto said a smart thing during the aniversaries of Wharsaw Ghetto Uprising. The person said'' We should always remember but we should not live with hate because only then we win with the devil''.
He also said'' What I saw very few people saw and they can not talk about this too much''
Magdalena-sources
http://goeasteurope.about.com/od/poland/p/auschwitz.htm
This page describes the issues I will argue about. It tells us that the visitors are able to make photos and I think it is bad because later we don't know where the photos are going.
Some of the displays on you tube about camps are not appriopriate. The land which is still full of blood should not be photgraphed by people who are visiting the camp.
This page describes the issues I will argue about. It tells us that the visitors are able to make photos and I think it is bad because later we don't know where the photos are going.
Some of the displays on you tube about camps are not appriopriate. The land which is still full of blood should not be photgraphed by people who are visiting the camp.
Magdalena's sources
My sources are the newspapers about Aushwitz -Birkenau.
The page Aushwitz Museum.
Polish Jews Organization Page.
I will be discussing the museum and what should be forbidden in the museum.
I will do research why you can not see the whole museum, but only the things they want us to see.
The page Aushwitz Museum.
Polish Jews Organization Page.
I will be discussing the museum and what should be forbidden in the museum.
I will do research why you can not see the whole museum, but only the things they want us to see.
Sunday, May 4, 2008
Melissa's sourses for research
Raviv, Amiram, Sadeh, Avi, Raviv, Alona, Selberstein, Ora and Diver, Orna. "Young Israelis' Reactions to National Trauma: The Rabin Assassination and Terror Attacks."
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3791792.pdf>
Summary of Article
This article was a study conducted on Israelis’ students following the Rabin assassination and terror attacks. The article dealt with the trauma of tragedies.
Relevance to Argument
This article helps to show the effects of tragedies on people. It reinforces the emotions and reactions of people.
Taylor, Diana; Elam, Harry J. "A Forum on Theatre and Tragedy: A Response to September 11, 2001 Volume 54, Number 1, March 2002."
<http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theatre_journal/v054/54.1forum.html>
Summary of Article
This article was about the September 11th attack and it was linked with tragedies of the theatre. It also mentioned the country that that carried out and discrimination against the people of that country and anyone who’s not with the Americans.
Relevance to Argument
This article dealt with the fact that others are blamed after a tragic event. It shows that not only the people that caused the event are blamed but also innocent people.
Koopman, Cheryl “Political Psychology as a Lens for Viewing Traumatic Events Vol. 18, No. 4 (Dec., 1997)”
<http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/pdfplus/3792212.pdf>
Summary of Article
This article is about understanding “traumatic events” in a psychological perspective. It deals with all kinds of tragedies, wars, holocaust and international events and the forms of trauma.
Relevance to Argument
This article helps the reader to understand the types of trauma and the psychological effects that it have on people in different situations.
Haider-Markel, Donald P and Joslyn, Mark R. “Gun Policy, Opinion, Tragedy and Blame Attribution: The Conditional Influence of Issue Frames.”
Summary of Article
This articles deals with different type of tragedies and how it happened, what could have been done and who or what should be blamed for the event.
Relevance to Argument
This article reinforces my argument that after tragic event occurs people tend to find something or someone to blame.
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3791792.pdf>
Summary of Article
This article was a study conducted on Israelis’ students following the Rabin assassination and terror attacks. The article dealt with the trauma of tragedies.
Relevance to Argument
This article helps to show the effects of tragedies on people. It reinforces the emotions and reactions of people.
Taylor, Diana; Elam, Harry J. "A Forum on Theatre and Tragedy: A Response to September 11, 2001 Volume 54, Number 1, March 2002."
<http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theatre_journal/v054/54.1forum.html>
Summary of Article
This article was about the September 11th attack and it was linked with tragedies of the theatre. It also mentioned the country that that carried out and discrimination against the people of that country and anyone who’s not with the Americans.
Relevance to Argument
This article dealt with the fact that others are blamed after a tragic event. It shows that not only the people that caused the event are blamed but also innocent people.
Koopman, Cheryl “Political Psychology as a Lens for Viewing Traumatic Events Vol. 18, No. 4 (Dec., 1997)”
<http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/pdfplus/3792212.pdf>
Summary of Article
This article is about understanding “traumatic events” in a psychological perspective. It deals with all kinds of tragedies, wars, holocaust and international events and the forms of trauma.
Relevance to Argument
This article helps the reader to understand the types of trauma and the psychological effects that it have on people in different situations.
Haider-Markel, Donald P and Joslyn, Mark R. “Gun Policy, Opinion, Tragedy and Blame Attribution: The Conditional Influence of Issue Frames.”
Summary of Article
This articles deals with different type of tragedies and how it happened, what could have been done and who or what should be blamed for the event.
Relevance to Argument
This article reinforces my argument that after tragic event occurs people tend to find something or someone to blame.
Golda Markowitz- Works Cited
Topic: The government consists of many organizations that each contribute differently to emergency events. Each carries its own responsibility and has its own way in responding to disasters. One of the government’s main organizations, The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), has proven to play a major role in strengthening federal leadership in emergency management, particularly in efforts to avert disaster losses.
Works Cited
Gardner, David R. “The Federal Emergency Management Agency and Its Role in Historic Preservation.” APT Bulletin 35.1 (2004) : pp. 49-53. 30 April 2008.
Like other federal agencies, FEMA has ten regional offices, each of which manages federal disaster activities for a region of the country.
Giuffrida, Louis O. “FEMA: Its Mission, Its Partners.” Public Administration Review: A Challenge for Public Administration 45 (1985) : pp. 2-2. 30 April 2008.
FEMA provides guidance, leadership, and when appropriate- direct financial aid to communities planning for, responding to and recovering form major emergencies of all kinds.
May, Peter J. “FEMA’s Role in Emergency Management: Examining Recent Experience.” Public Administration Review: A Challenge for Public Administration 45 (1985) : pp. 40-48. 30 April 2008.
In light of the many changes in policy and organization since the 1950’s, the creation of FEMA as a grand experiment involving a recasting of the federal role in emergency management and a new approach to fulfilling that role.
McLoughlin, David. “A Framework for Integrated Emergency Management.” Public Administration Review: A Challenge for Public Administration 45 (1985) : pp. 165-172. 30 April 2008.
FEMA is ready to privies assistance when the demand exceeds the capacity of state and local resources to respond and recover.
Mushkatel, Alvin H. & Weschlet, Louis F. “Emergency Management and the Intergovernmental System.” Public Administration Review: A Challenge for Public Administration 45 (1985) : pp. 49-56. 30 April 2008.
Several components of the FEMA organization and mission apparently are ill- suited to the challenge the agency faces within the context of the existing intergovernmental policy system.
Schneider, Saundra K. “FEMA, Federalism, Hugo, and Frisco.” Publius: The State of American Federalism 20.3 (1989-1990) : pp. 97-115. 30 April 2008.
For disasters of this magnitude (a major earthquake in San Francisco Bay area), FEMA is the main federal government agency in charge of implementing relief efforts.
Settle, Allen K. “Financing Disaster Mitigation, Preparedeness, Response, and Recover.” Public Administration Review: A Challenge for Public Administration 45 (1985) : pp. 101-106. 30 April 2008.
FEMA Statistics indicate that from April 1, 1974, to September 30, 1983, only 59 percent of requests by state governors for a presidential disaster declaration were approved.
Sylves, Richard T. “Review: Ferment at FEMA: Reforming Emergency Management.” Public Administration Review 54.3 (1994) : pp. 303-307. 30 April 2008.
FEMA is in the national spotlight as a result of congressional scrutiny, and public criticism. Both the NAPA and the GAO were commissioned by Congress to critically investigate FEMA in light of its poor performance before, during, and after Hurricane Andrew in 1992.
Watkins, Stephanie. “Developing Statewide Emergency and Disaster Preparedness Expertise.” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 39.1 (2000) : pp. 165-172. 30 April 2008.
Founded in 1979, FEMA states that its mission is to “reduce loss of life and property and protect our nation’s critical infrastructure from all types of hazards through a comprehensive, risk- based, emergency management program of mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.
Waugh, William L, Jr. “Regionalizing Emergency Management: Counties as State and Local Government.” Public Administration Review 54.3 (1994) : pp. 253-258. 30 April 2008.
GAO recommends improvements in the damage assessment process and in state and local capacities, as well as in the structure and function of FEMA.
Works Cited
Gardner, David R. “The Federal Emergency Management Agency and Its Role in Historic Preservation.” APT Bulletin 35.1 (2004) : pp. 49-53. 30 April 2008
Like other federal agencies, FEMA has ten regional offices, each of which manages federal disaster activities for a region of the country.
Giuffrida, Louis O. “FEMA: Its Mission, Its Partners.” Public Administration Review: A Challenge for Public Administration 45 (1985) : pp. 2-2. 30 April 2008
FEMA provides guidance, leadership, and when appropriate- direct financial aid to communities planning for, responding to and recovering form major emergencies of all kinds.
May, Peter J. “FEMA’s Role in Emergency Management: Examining Recent Experience.” Public Administration Review: A Challenge for Public Administration 45 (1985) : pp. 40-48. 30 April 2008
In light of the many changes in policy and organization since the 1950’s, the creation of FEMA as a grand experiment involving a recasting of the federal role in emergency management and a new approach to fulfilling that role.
McLoughlin, David. “A Framework for Integrated Emergency Management.” Public Administration Review: A Challenge for Public Administration 45 (1985) : pp. 165-172. 30 April 2008
FEMA is ready to privies assistance when the demand exceeds the capacity of state and local resources to respond and recover.
Mushkatel, Alvin H. & Weschlet, Louis F. “Emergency Management and the Intergovernmental System.” Public Administration Review: A Challenge for Public Administration 45 (1985) : pp. 49-56. 30 April 2008
Several components of the FEMA organization and mission apparently are ill- suited to the challenge the agency faces within the context of the existing intergovernmental policy system.
Schneider, Saundra K. “FEMA, Federalism, Hugo, and Frisco.” Publius: The State of American Federalism 20.3 (1989-1990) : pp. 97-115. 30 April 2008
For disasters of this magnitude (a major earthquake in San Francisco Bay area), FEMA is the main federal government agency in charge of implementing relief efforts.
Settle, Allen K. “Financing Disaster Mitigation, Preparedeness, Response, and Recover.” Public Administration Review: A Challenge for Public Administration 45 (1985) : pp. 101-106. 30 April 2008
FEMA Statistics indicate that from April 1, 1974, to September 30, 1983, only 59 percent of requests by state governors for a presidential disaster declaration were approved.
Sylves, Richard T. “Review: Ferment at FEMA: Reforming Emergency Management.” Public Administration Review 54.3 (1994) : pp. 303-307. 30 April 2008
FEMA is in the national spotlight as a result of congressional scrutiny, and public criticism. Both the NAPA and the GAO were commissioned by Congress to critically investigate FEMA in light of its poor performance before, during, and after Hurricane Andrew in 1992.
Watkins, Stephanie. “Developing Statewide Emergency and Disaster Preparedness Expertise.” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 39.1 (2000) : pp. 165-172. 30 April 2008
Founded in 1979, FEMA states that its mission is to “reduce loss of life and property and protect our nation’s critical infrastructure from all types of hazards through a comprehensive, risk- based, emergency management program of mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.
Waugh, William L, Jr. “Regionalizing Emergency Management: Counties as State and Local Government.” Public Administration Review 54.3 (1994) : pp. 253-258. 30 April 2008
GAO recommends improvements in the damage assessment process and in state and local capacities, as well as in the structure and function of FEMA.
Jessica- Work Cited
Colwell Rita R. “Global Climate and Infectious Disease: The Cholera Paradigm.” American Association for the Advanced of Science 274.5295 (Dec. 20, 1996) : 2025-2031.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE- This article talks about how Global Warming causes weather change with draughts that cause animlas to migrate and carry disease along with them. This disease then spreads on to humans and there are many cases in the hospital where the disease results in the death of the person. Such an example of a disease where many cases were discussed and reviewed are The Cholera Paradigm.
Lawton, John, et al. “Individualistic species responses invalidate simple physiological models of community dynamics under global environmental change.” Journal of Animal Ecology 47.4 (1998): 600- 612.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE- This article talks about how the global temperature change has different effects on individual species and there were experiments held in laboratories to conduct research and show the effects. One such situation was where they examined three Drosophila in a lab that copied a latitudinal climate of 15 degrees C.
McCammack, Brian. “Hot Damned America: Evangelicalism and the Climate Change Policy Debate.” American Quaterly 59.3 (Sep. 2007) : 645-668.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE-The article as a whole discusses the benefits of Global Warming. It talks about why we should not stop Global Warming as the author demonstrates more negative outcomes from stopping Global Warming than the continuation of Global Warming such as the poor will get poorer and Global Warming itself helps reduce the extinction of plant species and animals.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT- The relevance of the article to my argument is that the author discusses how the rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations might result in some increase in global average temperature. However, increasing CO2 levels also result in enhanced plant growth and reduce desertification. Also he firmly establishes that it must not be ignored and he goes on to espouse the benefits of global warming in reducing species extinction.
Merrryfield, Merry M. “Science-Technology- Society and Global Perspectives.” Lawerence Erlbaum Associates 30.4 (1991): 288-293.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE- The article wants to inform people, especially students, to pay attention to the change of global impact on their lives. They want to provide information about these Global Changes and let us know how much in the past century, Globalization has increased by large amounts.
Michener, William K. et al. “Climate Change, Hurricanes and Tropical Storms, and Rising Sea Level in coastal Wetlands.” Ecological Society America 7.3 (1997) : 770- 801.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE- The article basically covers the fact of the rising sea levels that are caused by an effect of Global Warming and how this leaves an impact of devastatiokn in costal wetlands where natural diasters occur.
Smith, S.V. “Global Change and Coral reef Ecosystems.” Review of Ecology and Systematics 23 (1992): 89- 118.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE-This article talks about the effect of global warming on coral reef ecosystems and their response to global change. Also with how they cope and change with the effect that has intervened.
Thornes, John. “Global environmental change and regional response: the European Mediterranean.” The Royal Geographical Society 20.3 (1995): 357-367.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE- This article presents us with the fact that the signifance for people is mapped out by the geography of the impact more than the objects of the global change. Therfore location is a key factor and they use old Eurpean Mediterranean to set that example.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE- This article talks about how Global Warming causes weather change with draughts that cause animlas to migrate and carry disease along with them. This disease then spreads on to humans and there are many cases in the hospital where the disease results in the death of the person. Such an example of a disease where many cases were discussed and reviewed are The Cholera Paradigm.
Lawton, John, et al. “Individualistic species responses invalidate simple physiological models of community dynamics under global environmental change.” Journal of Animal Ecology 47.4 (1998): 600- 612.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE- This article talks about how the global temperature change has different effects on individual species and there were experiments held in laboratories to conduct research and show the effects. One such situation was where they examined three Drosophila in a lab that copied a latitudinal climate of 15 degrees C.
McCammack, Brian. “Hot Damned America: Evangelicalism and the Climate Change Policy Debate.” American Quaterly 59.3 (Sep. 2007) : 645-668.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE-The article as a whole discusses the benefits of Global Warming. It talks about why we should not stop Global Warming as the author demonstrates more negative outcomes from stopping Global Warming than the continuation of Global Warming such as the poor will get poorer and Global Warming itself helps reduce the extinction of plant species and animals.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT- The relevance of the article to my argument is that the author discusses how the rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations might result in some increase in global average temperature. However, increasing CO2 levels also result in enhanced plant growth and reduce desertification. Also he firmly establishes that it must not be ignored and he goes on to espouse the benefits of global warming in reducing species extinction.
Merrryfield, Merry M. “Science-Technology- Society and Global Perspectives.” Lawerence Erlbaum Associates 30.4 (1991): 288-293.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE- The article wants to inform people, especially students, to pay attention to the change of global impact on their lives. They want to provide information about these Global Changes and let us know how much in the past century, Globalization has increased by large amounts.
Michener, William K. et al. “Climate Change, Hurricanes and Tropical Storms, and Rising Sea Level in coastal Wetlands.” Ecological Society America 7.3 (1997) : 770- 801.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE- The article basically covers the fact of the rising sea levels that are caused by an effect of Global Warming and how this leaves an impact of devastatiokn in costal wetlands where natural diasters occur.
Smith, S.V. “Global Change and Coral reef Ecosystems.” Review of Ecology and Systematics 23 (1992): 89- 118.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE-This article talks about the effect of global warming on coral reef ecosystems and their response to global change. Also with how they cope and change with the effect that has intervened.
Thornes, John. “Global environmental change and regional response: the European Mediterranean.” The Royal Geographical Society 20.3 (1995): 357-367.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE- This article presents us with the fact that the signifance for people is mapped out by the geography of the impact more than the objects of the global change. Therfore location is a key factor and they use old Eurpean Mediterranean to set that example.
Andrea Varnava-Topic
The topic that I have chosen is how technology and automation has impacted American culture and lifestyles today. The research will consist of the differences from about 50 years ago to now. Showing how the effect of technology has affected people’s everyday lives possibly even including the effect on the environment. It also impacts on children’s education, for example how does technology impact their reading and writing skills or their school work in general. What could this mean for their future? As well as the different health risks that also can occur. The research will help show how technology has effected people today.
Rena Adler- Work Cited
Work Cited
Becker, Steven M. "Commentary: Psychological Assistance After Environmental
Accidents: A Policy Perspective." Environmental Health Perspectives 105 (1997): 1557-1563.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The article discusses psychosocial assistance given to victims following environmental accidents and emergencies.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Becker writes that natural disasters are “acts of G-d” and therefore do not lead to blame. Conversely, technological disasters are caused by other human beings and consequently elicit blame. Furthermore, although natural disasters often lead to the production of a “therapeutic community” rather than blame, they also have the potential to divide a community.
Drayer, Calvin S. "Psychological Factors and Problems, Emergency and Long- Term."
Annals of the American Academy of Political Science and Social Science 309 (1957): 151-159.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Drayer discusses responses before, during and following a catastrophe. Often, feelings of fear, anxiety and guilt are felt following a disaster. The way to remove these horrible feelings is through proper training.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Following a natural disaster, people do not feel a need to blame others human beings. Rather, they are viewed as “acts of G-d”.
Edwards, Margie L. Kiter. "An Interdisciplinary Perspective on Disasters and Stress:
The Promise of an Ecological Framework." Sociological Forum 13 (1998): 115-132
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Kiter writes that disasters influence each person’s mental health in different ways due to unique conditions of each individual.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Regarding disasters caused by humans, “people tend to affix blame and define the event as preventable, resulting in greater anxiety than is associated with disasters caused by environmental agents” (117). Thus, Kiter does not feel that blame is a result of a natural disaster.
Fritz, Charles E. and Williams, Harry B. "The Human Being in Disasters: A Research
Perspective." Annals of the American Academy of Political Science and Social Science 309 (1957): 42-51.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Fritz and Williams discuss the way in which victims behave during disasters.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Fritz and Williams strongly argue that blame does not actually occur following a natural disaster. Rather, it is only a
“commonly held stereotype that in the wake of disasters people inevitably and universally… heap blame for the disaster on innocent victims…find little support in systematic findings” (49). In addition, they assert that any blame that does seem to appear is only due to the victims’ desires that the disaster does not occur again, “agents who are blamed…are blamed for disasters in the future…” ( 49) Furthermore, any blame that is clearly seen is due to only a few people who are in search of a scapegoat. Also, newspapers often prominently display blame felt by only a minority of people, thus causing one to feel as though blame is felt by a majority. The newspapers then “create issues on which the public is expected to stand…” (50)
Gephart, Robert P. "The Textual Approach: Risk and Blame in Disaster Sensemaking."
The Academy of Management Journal 36 (1993): 1465-1514.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Regarding a lethal pipeline accident, Gephart analyzes risk and blame using textual and ethnographic approaches.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Often the head of an organization is blamed for disasters.
Kasperson, Roger E. and Pijawa. "Societal Response to Hazard and Major Hazard
Events: Comparing Natural and Technical Hazards." Public Administration Review 45 (1985): 7-18.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Most often, natural hazards occur in non- developed countries. However, with the advent of technology, technological hazards have been occurring with greater frequency. The article discusses the way in which hazards are managed and the ways in which technological catastrophes affect the victims and their communities.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Following a natural disaster, a “therapeutic community” and a strong sense of rebuilding results. Conversely, after a technological disaster, blame is placed upon an individual or responsible organization.
Mitchell, James K., et al. "A Contextual Model of Natural Hazard." Geographical Review
79 (1989): 391-409.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: In England, following a catastrophic storm, little was done. This was due to many other issues at that time that were regarded as more urgent. Thus, a natural disaster can be modified due to sociocultural, political, environmental and economic issues at that time.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Frequently, technological reasons for disasters are used and favored over reasons that are not the result of technology.
Moore, Harry Estill. "Toward a Theory of Disaster." American Sociological Review 21
(1956): 733-737.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Catastrophes are seen as situations which are uncontrollable and thus result in psychological reactions.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Following a catastrophe, “persons begin to seek someone to blame for their losses” (736). Their reason for doing so is that victims are then able to “search for a scapegoat on whom emotional tension may be released” (736). Additionally, “people argue that they did nothing to deserve such a fate; therefore someone else must have” (736).
Turner, Barry A. "The Organizational and Interorganizational Development of
Disasters." Administrative Science Quarterly 21 (1976): 378-397.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The way in which people behaved following three large scale catastrophes were studied. Additionally, the conditions which caused these disasters to result were also examined.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Sometimes, following a tragedy, rather than acting in a simple manner, people begin to “take action to shift the blame” (391).
Turner , Ralph H.. "Integrative Beliefs in Group Crises." The Journal of Conflict
Resolution 16 (1972): 25-40.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Turner discusses which instances cause conflicts amongst groups to escalate.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Great effort is made to place blame for a tragedy upon a portion of a community. Each group then tries to place blame upon the other. However, the opposite is seen as well, “residents show a surprising reluctance to single out officials for blame” (26). The reason for this is that only “individuals who have previously aroused anger are suitable recipients” (26).
Becker, Steven M. "Commentary: Psychological Assistance After Environmental
Accidents: A Policy Perspective." Environmental Health Perspectives 105 (1997): 1557-1563.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The article discusses psychosocial assistance given to victims following environmental accidents and emergencies.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Becker writes that natural disasters are “acts of G-d” and therefore do not lead to blame. Conversely, technological disasters are caused by other human beings and consequently elicit blame. Furthermore, although natural disasters often lead to the production of a “therapeutic community” rather than blame, they also have the potential to divide a community.
Drayer, Calvin S. "Psychological Factors and Problems, Emergency and Long- Term."
Annals of the American Academy of Political Science and Social Science 309 (1957): 151-159.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Drayer discusses responses before, during and following a catastrophe. Often, feelings of fear, anxiety and guilt are felt following a disaster. The way to remove these horrible feelings is through proper training.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Following a natural disaster, people do not feel a need to blame others human beings. Rather, they are viewed as “acts of G-d”.
Edwards, Margie L. Kiter. "An Interdisciplinary Perspective on Disasters and Stress:
The Promise of an Ecological Framework." Sociological Forum 13 (1998): 115-132
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Kiter writes that disasters influence each person’s mental health in different ways due to unique conditions of each individual.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Regarding disasters caused by humans, “people tend to affix blame and define the event as preventable, resulting in greater anxiety than is associated with disasters caused by environmental agents” (117). Thus, Kiter does not feel that blame is a result of a natural disaster.
Fritz, Charles E. and Williams, Harry B. "The Human Being in Disasters: A Research
Perspective." Annals of the American Academy of Political Science and Social Science 309 (1957): 42-51.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Fritz and Williams discuss the way in which victims behave during disasters.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Fritz and Williams strongly argue that blame does not actually occur following a natural disaster. Rather, it is only a
“commonly held stereotype that in the wake of disasters people inevitably and universally… heap blame for the disaster on innocent victims…find little support in systematic findings” (49). In addition, they assert that any blame that does seem to appear is only due to the victims’ desires that the disaster does not occur again, “agents who are blamed…are blamed for disasters in the future…” ( 49) Furthermore, any blame that is clearly seen is due to only a few people who are in search of a scapegoat. Also, newspapers often prominently display blame felt by only a minority of people, thus causing one to feel as though blame is felt by a majority. The newspapers then “create issues on which the public is expected to stand…” (50)
Gephart, Robert P. "The Textual Approach: Risk and Blame in Disaster Sensemaking."
The Academy of Management Journal 36 (1993): 1465-1514.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Regarding a lethal pipeline accident, Gephart analyzes risk and blame using textual and ethnographic approaches.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Often the head of an organization is blamed for disasters.
Kasperson, Roger E. and Pijawa. "Societal Response to Hazard and Major Hazard
Events: Comparing Natural and Technical Hazards." Public Administration Review 45 (1985): 7-18.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Most often, natural hazards occur in non- developed countries. However, with the advent of technology, technological hazards have been occurring with greater frequency. The article discusses the way in which hazards are managed and the ways in which technological catastrophes affect the victims and their communities.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Following a natural disaster, a “therapeutic community” and a strong sense of rebuilding results. Conversely, after a technological disaster, blame is placed upon an individual or responsible organization.
Mitchell, James K., et al. "A Contextual Model of Natural Hazard." Geographical Review
79 (1989): 391-409.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: In England, following a catastrophic storm, little was done. This was due to many other issues at that time that were regarded as more urgent. Thus, a natural disaster can be modified due to sociocultural, political, environmental and economic issues at that time.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Frequently, technological reasons for disasters are used and favored over reasons that are not the result of technology.
Moore, Harry Estill. "Toward a Theory of Disaster." American Sociological Review 21
(1956): 733-737.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Catastrophes are seen as situations which are uncontrollable and thus result in psychological reactions.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Following a catastrophe, “persons begin to seek someone to blame for their losses” (736). Their reason for doing so is that victims are then able to “search for a scapegoat on whom emotional tension may be released” (736). Additionally, “people argue that they did nothing to deserve such a fate; therefore someone else must have” (736).
Turner, Barry A. "The Organizational and Interorganizational Development of
Disasters." Administrative Science Quarterly 21 (1976): 378-397.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The way in which people behaved following three large scale catastrophes were studied. Additionally, the conditions which caused these disasters to result were also examined.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Sometimes, following a tragedy, rather than acting in a simple manner, people begin to “take action to shift the blame” (391).
Turner , Ralph H.. "Integrative Beliefs in Group Crises." The Journal of Conflict
Resolution 16 (1972): 25-40.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Turner discusses which instances cause conflicts amongst groups to escalate.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Great effort is made to place blame for a tragedy upon a portion of a community. Each group then tries to place blame upon the other. However, the opposite is seen as well, “residents show a surprising reluctance to single out officials for blame” (26). The reason for this is that only “individuals who have previously aroused anger are suitable recipients” (26).
Insia Saleh - Works Cited
Ch'ien, Evelyn Nien-Ming. "Intimate Decisions: Racial Profiling After September 11 and in the Case of Wen Ho Lee." CR: the New Centennial Review 6 (2006): 215-44. Project Muse. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008
<http://muse.jhu.edu.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/journals/new_centennial_review/v006/6.2ch ien.pdf>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article argues against racial profiling by media after September 11 against Arab Americans and also in Win Ho Lee case against Chinese Americans. After Sept. 11, major US media shows Arab Americans as criminals or “potentially dangerous” and failed to report the hate crimes against Arab Americans which was reported in foreign media. Major media sources consistently failed to provide intimate or detailed reports of non-white citizens who were racially outlined or the victims of hate crimes. The author also gives some examples of use of language by the reporters which totally changes the meaning from what actually happened to what media was trying to show (hatred).
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This article helps me to prove that media is seen biased in reporting and how it influences people's minds by its reports. This article not only deals with influence on public but also influences the judges and the juries in decision making.
Chong, Sylvia Shin Huey. "Look, an Asian!: the Politics of Racial Interpellation in the Wake of the Virginia Tech Shootings." Journal of Asian American Studies 11 (2008): 27-60. Project Muse. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008
<http://muse.jhu.edu.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/journals/journal_of_asian_american_studie s/v011/11.1chong.pdf>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article is all about Virginia Tech Shooter who was reported by the media as an Asian in specific Korean. This relieved other Asian communities that the shooter was not from their ethnic group which would have led them to leave the country if he belonged to their community. This article also includes how we discriminate people racially just by looking at them just because of one person's actions.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This article tries to show how the media distinguishes between different people based on their race and then by influencing through the media we also perform the same action i.e. differentiating between different groups of people by Negros, Asians, Whites, and so on.
Eveland, William P., Jr., and Dhavan V. Shah. "The Impact of Individual and Interpersonal Factors on Perceived News Media Bias." Political Psychology 24 (2003): 101-117. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/3792512>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article gives evidence that media is biased for particular candidate and shows how the media get biased and affect on individuals.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This article proves the individual differences in news bias perceptions.
Gilliam, Franklin D., Jr., Nicholas A. Valentino, and Matthew N. Beckmann. "Where You Live and What You Watch: the Impact of Racial Proximity and Local Television News on Attitudes About Race and Crime." Political Research Quarterly 55 (2002): 755-80. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/view/3088078>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article exposes to the stereotypes which supports “local crime news and neighborhood racial context on attitudes about race and crime”. This article also proves that “white respondents living in white homogeneous neighborhoods endorsed more punitive policies to address crime, expressed more negative stereotypic evaluations of blacks, and felt more distant from blacks as a group. Whites from heterogeneous neighborhoods were either unaffected or moved in the opposite direction, endorsing less punitive crime policies, less negative stereotypes, and feeling closer to blacks as a group as a result of exposure to the stereotypic coverage”.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This shows that it all depends upon where we live and what we watch in order to get influenced by the people around us. This also proves that news develops our attitude towards race and crime and thereby getting racially biased.
Hagen, Michael G. "References to Racial Issues." Political Behavior 17 (1995): 49-88. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/pdfplus/586557.pdf>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article deals with the issue of race which comes to the minds of ordinary Americans, the "accessibility" of racial issues-by assessing the frequency with which ordinary Americans refer to racial issues when talking about politics. The author also argues that there is little evidence that many white Americans use references to such issues to express hostility toward black Americans. And this seen in presidential elections where people give votes based on the candidate's racial belonging.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This article will help me prove that racial bias is not only the issue with the crimes but also to other aspects of world like politics, elections and so on.
Lundman, Richard J. "The Newsworthiness and Selection Bias in News About Murder: Comparative and Relative Effects of Novelty and Race and Gender Typifications on Newspaper Coverage of Homicide." Sociological Forum 18 (2003): 357-86. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/pdfplus/3648888.pdf>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Selection of the news is made according to the “newsworthiness” as seen by the journalists who craft the news. However “journalists isolate news-worthy events using typifications that reflect existing social structure, appear logical in terms of commonsense understandings of the ways the world operates, sounds, and feels, and mesh easily with existing stereotypes, including those grounded in the belief systems that reflect and nourish race and gender stratification”.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Journalists are responsible for the biased shown in their news and the crimes happen due to the influence through their news. Newsworthiness as represented by journalists is an incomplete explanation of selection bias. Instead, news about murder is the product of journalistic assessments of newsworthiness firmly grounded in long-standing race and gender typifications.
Monti, Daniel J. "Biased and Unbiased News: Reporting Racial Controversies in the New York Times." The Sociological Quarterly 20 (1979): 399-409. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/view/4106257>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article includes newspaper bias evaluation using the New York Times' coverage of racial controversies in New York City between 1960 and July 1964. The news is constructed in a way that supports powerful parties rising bias in their reporting. News stories about the powerful may be included very often while the news about poor are excluded.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: The newspapers are not trustworthy on which someone can rely upon. If newspapers can provide unbiased picture of an issue, it is desirable to determine what is contained in the picture.
Terkildsen, Nayda, and David F. Damore. "The Dynamics of Racialized Media Coverage in Congressional Elections." The Journal of Politics 61 (1999): 680-99. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/pdfplus/2647823.pdf>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The media act as racial arbitrators by limiting racial emphases; the media bring race to the forefront of campaigns by highlighting candidate race. The media coverage of elections involving African-American candidates suppresses the use of race among the candidates themselves, but accents the race of black candidates and their constituents.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This article clearly shows the biased nature of media in elections. It gives reason for why the media get biased for the white candidates during elections; so as to get future importance to themselves with the help of the non-black candidates and thus growing themselves and not the country as a whole.
Valentino, Nicholas A. "Crime News and the Priming of Racial Attitudes During Evaluations of the President." The Public Opinion Quarterly 63 (1999): 293-320. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/pdfplus/2991710.pdf>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This prompt further consideration of the political impact of stereotype-reinforcing news. The news coverage can influence the way average citizens view the political world .
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This helps in proving that how media behaves during elections through getting racially biased.
Weitzer, Ronald John, and Steven A. Tuch. "Racially Biased Policing: Determinants of Citizen Perceptions." Social Forces 83 (2005): 1009-30. Project Muse. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008
<http://muse.jhu.edu.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/journals/social_forces/v083/83.3weitzer.pd f>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article is about behavior of police getting racial biased including differential treatment of individuals and neighborhoods, police prejudice, and racial profiling. This is due to the exposure to news media reporting on incidents of police misconduct. The perception of police practices as unfair or as racially motivated may lead to more frequent and severe confrontations between police and citizens and to greater distrust of the police.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: The reported experiences with police bias and the major determinants of citizens’ perceptions is all due to the media reporting. This reporting gives a negative impact on public's minds toward police department and people loose confidence from police as well.
Nikita 's Mla form
Nikita Soni
English 110
Professor Henkel
May 5, 2008
Brasted, Monica.The Reframing of Traditional Cultural Values: Consumption and
World War I. Advertising & Society Review . (Volume 5. 2004). 30 April 2008..
The article discussed how the purchasing and exchange of goods is influence the media. The media influences every aspect of the human life in America and most decision based on the media influence. The article mentions about scholar in 1986 conducting a researcher to explain adverting closely and display views from the scholar.
Bunch, John B. “Educational Media and Aesthetic Education”. Journal of Aesthetic
Educatio., Vol. 20. No. 3. (Autumn, 1986). pp. 81-92. 2 may 2008..
The media informs and convince the public so greatly that people don’t want to see the truth. The positive aptitude of the media is learning for the aesthetics. It provides their mind with new patterns and wider imaginations. Then article goes into andote about teacher showing a photographer and then the author discuss the result.
DiMaggio, Paul; Eszter Hargittai, W. Russell Neuman and John P. Robinson . Social
Implications of the Internet.Annual Review of Sociology,.Vol. 27. (2001). pp. 307-336. 1 May 2008.
.
The article explains about the influence of the internet. The internet dominating the social and economical world; the influence of the internet involved in people daily life. Nowadays most of the representation of public is done by internet while during the late 90’s it was telephone or face to face interaction.
Gao, Zhihong.The Future of Foreign Advertising in China: The Lessons of History Advertising & Society Review .Volume 4.2003. 1 May 2008.
The article discuss about the forergin influence of media in china since the late 70s’. Also the article mention about the Chinese political party involvement shaping the media world to the Chinese. The main focus is the world trade center influence in Chinese economic and politics.
Hope, Wayne; Johnson, Rosser. What is an Infomercial? Advertising & Society Review.
(Volume 5. 2004). 2 may 2008.
The article defined the word infomercial and explained how the audiences misunderstand the definition. Throughout the article describe and relates the word. Also display charts and data explaining advertisement being organized.
Hoyer, Wayne D ;Jacoby, Jacob.Viewer Miscomprehension of Televised Communication:
Selected Findings. Advertising & Society Review. (Volume 1. 2000) .1 may 2008. <>.
The study organized by the AAAA group, displays statistics evidence that proofs that media influence human lives greatly. The statically data receive indicates that many media form such advisements; concepts are misread by the audiences.
O'Barr, William M."Subliminal" Advertising. Advertising & Society Review . (Volume
6.2005 ). 1 may 2008..
The article discusses about the subliming and relates to the influence to human world. The starting of the article the author gives an example how media industry urges you get involve. They are so influential that the audience give in too quickly and the audience feel has if they being hypothetic.
Rice, Ronald E. Task Analyzability, Use of New Media, and Effectiveness: A Multi-Site
Exploration of Media Richness. Organization Science.Vol. 3.No. 4 (Nov., 1992). pp. 475-500. 2 May 2008..
The article argues that only media can decide what to present the audience with. Mostly the contingency theory is discussed and how the media is benefit to the public. There are different character tics of the media and mostly the negative are viewed and the positive are overlooked.
Treviño, Linda Klebe; Webster, Jane and Stein, Eric W.
Making Connections :Complementary Influences on Communication Media Choices Attitudes, and Use. Organization Science. Vol. 11. No. 2 .(Mar. - Apr., 2000). pp. 163-182. 2 May 2008..
The article discuss the importance of communication and how it effecting industries and people. The article mentions the difference between modern and old technique used. There are some positive contribute of the media it fulfills human with knowledge.
Washington ,Robert E. and David Karen. Sport and Society. Annual Review of
Sociology.Vol. 27 (2001). pp. 187-212 . 30 April 2008..
The article explains how the sport being so precious to the public also victim of the media. The article discuss how athletic market products and how the involves shaping human behavior. This athletics are role model for many and they are the puppets in media hands.
English 110
Professor Henkel
May 5, 2008
Brasted, Monica.The Reframing of Traditional Cultural Values: Consumption and
World War I. Advertising & Society Review . (Volume 5. 2004). 30 April 2008.
The article discussed how the purchasing and exchange of goods is influence the media. The media influences every aspect of the human life in America and most decision based on the media influence. The article mentions about scholar in 1986 conducting a researcher to explain adverting closely and display views from the scholar.
Bunch, John B. “Educational Media and Aesthetic Education”. Journal of Aesthetic
Educatio., Vol. 20. No. 3. (Autumn, 1986). pp. 81-92. 2 may 2008.
The media informs and convince the public so greatly that people don’t want to see the truth. The positive aptitude of the media is learning for the aesthetics. It provides their mind with new patterns and wider imaginations. Then article goes into andote about teacher showing a photographer and then the author discuss the result.
DiMaggio, Paul; Eszter Hargittai, W. Russell Neuman and John P. Robinson . Social
Implications of the Internet.Annual Review of Sociology,.Vol. 27. (2001). pp. 307-336. 1 May 2008.
The article explains about the influence of the internet. The internet dominating the social and economical world; the influence of the internet involved in people daily life. Nowadays most of the representation of public is done by internet while during the late 90’s it was telephone or face to face interaction.
Gao, Zhihong.The Future of Foreign Advertising in China: The Lessons of History Advertising & Society Review .Volume 4.2003. 1 May 2008.
The article discuss about the forergin influence of media in china since the late 70s’. Also the article mention about the Chinese political party involvement shaping the media world to the Chinese. The main focus is the world trade center influence in Chinese economic and politics.
Hope, Wayne; Johnson, Rosser. What is an Infomercial? Advertising & Society Review.
(Volume 5. 2004). 2 may 2008.
The article defined the word infomercial and explained how the audiences misunderstand the definition. Throughout the article describe and relates the word. Also display charts and data explaining advertisement being organized.
Hoyer, Wayne D ;Jacoby, Jacob.Viewer Miscomprehension of Televised Communication:
Selected Findings. Advertising & Society Review. (Volume 1. 2000) .1 may 2008. <>.
The study organized by the AAAA group, displays statistics evidence that proofs that media influence human lives greatly. The statically data receive indicates that many media form such advisements; concepts are misread by the audiences.
O'Barr, William M."Subliminal" Advertising. Advertising & Society Review . (Volume
6.2005 ). 1 may 2008.
The article discusses about the subliming and relates to the influence to human world. The starting of the article the author gives an example how media industry urges you get involve. They are so influential that the audience give in too quickly and the audience feel has if they being hypothetic.
Rice, Ronald E. Task Analyzability, Use of New Media, and Effectiveness: A Multi-Site
Exploration of Media Richness. Organization Science.Vol. 3.No. 4 (Nov., 1992). pp. 475-500. 2 May 2008.
The article argues that only media can decide what to present the audience with. Mostly the contingency theory is discussed and how the media is benefit to the public. There are different character tics of the media and mostly the negative are viewed and the positive are overlooked.
Treviño, Linda Klebe; Webster, Jane and Stein, Eric W.
Making Connections :Complementary Influences on Communication Media Choices Attitudes, and Use. Organization Science. Vol. 11. No. 2 .(Mar. - Apr., 2000). pp. 163-182. 2 May 2008.
The article discuss the importance of communication and how it effecting industries and people. The article mentions the difference between modern and old technique used. There are some positive contribute of the media it fulfills human with knowledge.
Washington ,Robert E. and David Karen. Sport and Society. Annual Review of
Sociology.Vol. 27 (2001). pp. 187-212 . 30 April 2008.
The article explains how the sport being so precious to the public also victim of the media. The article discuss how athletic market products and how the involves shaping human behavior. This athletics are role model for many and they are the puppets in media hands.
nikita's correction to new topic
1. The topic I have chosen for the new essay is human behavior in tragic event and how the media influences human actions.
2. Mostly I am going are using two databases to search for scholar article and researches that help prove my argument want to consider scientific research to develop and prove my argument. I want to scientist evidence that media involve psychology influence human actions.
3. The essay will prove why people behave such way when media is involved. All the researches will show the proof that media benefits from all the news it provides the public. The media is important aspect in human life and influence in human live is very essential.
2. Mostly I am going are using two databases to search for scholar article and researches that help prove my argument want to consider scientific research to develop and prove my argument. I want to scientist evidence that media involve psychology influence human actions.
3. The essay will prove why people behave such way when media is involved. All the researches will show the proof that media benefits from all the news it provides the public. The media is important aspect in human life and influence in human live is very essential.
Thursday, May 1, 2008
5.1.08
For Monday, keep working on your bibliographies. It is critical that for this project you complete each stage in order, and that stage is approved before you move on. Therefore, if you've had your topic approved (and anyone who was in class yesterday has) you can move on to the bibliograpy. Yesterday you were just collecting the materials. For Monday, write those up in an MLA format works cited page and then write the summary and relevance you your argument summaries between each entry. Post the results here when you're finished.
Wednesday, April 30, 2008
Arielle Shimko
1) My new topic will be building off of my initial topic of the representation of the Holocaust in society.
Perhaps the most effective way of relaying information to the public is through film. There are many films about the Holocaust, and the most poignant are the documentaries which include personal interviews of Holocaust survivors. Survivors show their pain and troubles with dealing with the effects of the Shoah on a personal level, as well as on a collective level. These documentaries encourage individuals to understand the terror in the Holocaust, and help show us the detrimental effects. It is vital to preserve Holocaust documentaries for the future, when no Holocaust survivors remain. The footage is proof of the Holocaust and the stories ensure that we will not forget World War I.
2) I will be using the Cuny+ system that our lovely librarian showed us. I have found many books which are pertinent to my topic, and I hope to also find documentary footage, in addition to the literature regarding documentaries. I will also be using Google Scholar to find scholarly articles.
3) The research will help me validate my thesis and give me a new perspective on the matter. Once I do more research, it will also help me focus on specific aspects of the documentaries. This way, I will be able to complicate my thesis.
Tuesday, April 29, 2008
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