Andrea Varnava-Works Cited New

Works Cited

Alphonso, Caroline. "Rough It? Not in This Wired World." Globeandmail.Com. 12 Aug. 2006. .

Summary of Article: “More and more of the city is coming to the cottage country.” It shows how families go away to the country to relax but they still bring their electronics along.

Relevance to Argument: You cant really “rough it” no matter where you go technology is around you no matter what you do to get away from it its there. It shows how people have adapted to it.

Ferraro, Susan. "Tv Diet." Daily News 15 Sept. 1998. .

Summary of Article: Talks about children arguing with parents about TV and hw. They say that parents should have their boundaries and it’s the childrens job to yell and argue while it’s the parents job to say no and stand their guard.

Relevance to Argument: Its causing more unnecessary fighting in the home

Fynes-Clinton, Jane. "The Box or the Books." Courier Mail (2003): l04. .

Summary of Article: This also talks about causing endless fights between parents and children. But its also mentions that children get too much hw but also watch too much TV so it’s a constant struggle.

Relevance to Argument: Once again it causes unnecessary fighting in the home.

Holahan, Catherine. "Google is Watching You." Business Week Online. 25 June 2007. .

Summary of Article: This man found pictures of himself smoking on the internet and he had no idea how they got there and this caused problems at home because his family didn’t know that they he was smoking.

Relevance to Argument: Technology causes privacy issues.

"Homework Websites Encourage Laziness." The Toronto Star 24 Oct. 2005. .

Summary of Article: “Most parents would not want to see their 12 year olds with training wheels of their 15 year old wearing water wings.” Showing how the internet is babying them by giving them exactly what they need to know rather then showing them how to get the answer.

Relevance to Argument: Yes the internet is making things easier but is it making this too easy?

Jin, Foo E. "When Technology is Bad for Health." New Straits Times 22 Oct. 2007. .

Summary of Article:

Relevance to Argument:

Johne, Marjo. "Video Games are a Pain in the Neck-and Hands and Wrists;." The Globe and Mail 26 Dec. 2006. .

Summary of Articles: All the video games and internet usage (like playing with the controllers and typing on the keyboard) causes painful problems in the long run. Its causing pain in the neck hands and wrists.

Relevance to Argument: They are causing health risks

Mandel, Charles. "TV-Watching Kids are Homework Slackers: Tube Creates Boobs, Study Con-Firms; Television Proves Even More of a Distraction for Students Than Video Games." The Gazette 28 Sept. 2005. .

Summary of Articles: Talks how TV causes a major distraction for students even more so with then video games.

Relevance to Argument: They basically agree with my argument and they even state which one is worse. They even state statistics of how students behind in school are more likely to have a TV in their rooms.

Marron, Kevin. "Web a Homework Helper More Than Ever But Using Internet Not Without Dangers." The Globe and Mail 19 Oct. 1999. .

Summary of Articles: even though internet helps with homework there is actually dangers because of irrelevant information popping up that children don’t need to see.

Relevance to Argument: shows how the internet isn’t censored and safe for children even if they are using it for homework.

Millat, Caitlin. "WII Therapy a Hit with CIty Seniors." Daily News 4 Feb. 2008. .

Summary of Article: The physical aspect of the WII is benefiting them mentally and physically because of the movement.

Relevance of Argument: If more games were made like the WII games it could possibly be a step in the right direction.

O'brien, John. "Remote Control." The Courier Mail 18 Oct. 2006. .

Summary of Article: they talk about the changing of technology and that it gets better and better.

Relevance of Argument: does it really get better and better? Or does it cause laziness?

Proudfoot, Shannon. "More Gadgets Mean Less Family Time; Vanier Institute Study." National Post (F/K/a the Financial Post) 16 Oct. 2007. .

Summary of Article: Like the title states the more technology we have the less interaction we have with others including family that is living in the same house. Also gives statistics of the amount of electronics the average household has and how much they communicate.

Relevance of Argument: Technology is causing a loss of communication with family.

Proudfoot, Shannon. "Technology Leaving Canadian Families Wired - and Isolated." The Gazette 16 Oct. 2007. .

Summary of Article: Talks about Canadian families also having problems with communication which leaves families with no interaction.

Relevance to Argument: This could tear families apart and cause people to not “know” each other anymore

"Study Links TV Viewing and Lower Test Scores." The Washington Post 9 Apr. 1978. .

Summary of Article: the article is about a study between test scores and TV. The two can be linked together. Since kids watch too much TV they don’t study enough so they failing their tests which isn’t good for their future.

Relevance to Argument: This shows how the distraction of TV is affecting the school work of students.

"Video Game From Humana Aims to Make Couch Potatoes Healthier." Business Insurance 17 Sept. 2007. .

Summary of Article: This Article is about this company is trying to make video games a lot healthier by getting kids active. They don’t want anymore couch potatoes they want kids moving around instead of sitting on their behinds only moving their tongues.

Relevance to argument: this is showing a change and step in the right direction.

Wylie, Katie. "Consoles Gives Residents a New Swing At Exercise; Electronic Games." The Press 30 Apr. 2008. .

Summary of Article: This article is about video games giving senior citizens a new way to exercise causing them to be happier and healthier.

Relevance to Argument: this again shows how this would not only help children but it helps senior citizens as well.

Andrea Varnava-Topic

1) The topic that I have chosen is how technology and automation has impacted American culture and lifestyles today.

2) The research will consist of the differences from about 50 years ago to now. Showing how the effect of technology has affected people’s everyday lives possibly even including the effect on the environment. It also impacts on children’s education, for example how does technology impact their reading and writing skills or their school work in general. What could this mean for their future? As well as the different health risks that also can occur. The research will help show how technology has effected people today.

3) The research will help me prove my point at how technology has affected people. It will give me the examples I need to get my point across.

zhi yang: word cited

1 G. Genevieve Patthey-Chavez. “High School as an Arena for Cultural Conflict and Acculturation for Latino Angelinos” Anthropology & Education Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Mar., 1993), pp. 33-60

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: the article goes over the cultural conflict between the Latino and the Anglo in high school. It concludes that mutual accommodation is necessary to solve this conflict.

RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: the article implies that cultural conflict is associated with the school violence. Cultural conflict is a down-side of the cultural diversity. That is to say, cultural diversity is the source of the school violence.

2. Motoko Akiba, Gerald K. LeTendre, David P. Baker and Brian Goesling. American Educational Research Journal, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Winter, 2002), pp. 829-853

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: the article points out that school violence are the fault of the education system by exploring school violence among 37 nations. It concludes that one possible way to alleviate the school violence is to equalize the quality of the education.

RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: the position the article takes is opposite to mine. I’ll argue in my article that cultural diversity is responsible for the school violence, but not the educational system.

3. A. Troy Adams. “The Status of School Discipline and Violence ” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 567, School Violence (Jan., 2000), pp. 140-156

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: the article explains the development of the school violence. It concludes that an orderly school environment can reduce school violence.

RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: the article provides the proof of the development of the school violence, which can eventually lead to cause of the school violence: cultural diversity.

4. Catherine Cornbleth. “Images of America: What Youth "Do" Know about the United States ” American Educational Research Journal, Vol. 39, No. 2, Education and Democracy (Summer, 2002), pp. 519-552

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: the article reveals the youth’s image of the America: diversity in culture, race and ethnicity. The article also goes in detail about the tension between the major group and the minor.

RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: the article provides the clues that cultural diversity can cause social disorder, including the school violence.

5. Ramlow, Todd R. “Bad Boys: Abstractions of Difference and the Politics of Youth "Deviance" A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies - Volume 9, Number 1-2, 2003, pp. 107-132 – Article

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: the article focus on how the social factors, like culture, turns the teenagers into killers.

RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: the article can prove that culture is strongly associated with the school violence.

6 David C. Anderson. “Curriculum, Culture, and Community: The Challenge of School Violence” Crime and Justice, Vol. 24, Youth Violence (1998), pp. 317-363

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: the articles explores different solutions to reduce school violence but emphasize school culture is the key to the solution.

RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: The article sheds some light into the ultimate solution of the school violence in my article, which is to achieve culture harmony.

7 Stuart Henry. “What Is School Violence? An Integrated Definition”

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 567, School Violence (Jan., 2000), pp. 16-29

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: the article is dedicated to different types of school violence and the cause of the school violence.

RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: the example of different types of school violence in the article supports my claim cultural diversity is the source of the school violence.

8. Cybelle Fox and David J. Harding. “School Shootings as Organizational Deviance” Sociology of Education, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Jan., 2005), pp. 69-97

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The article blame the school shooting to the organizational deviance, such as organizational culture and environment.

RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: the data of school violence in the article is very useful to demonstrate that school violence is lightly related to the educational system.

9. Douglas E. Thompkins. “School Violence: Gangs and a Culture of Fear" Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 567, School Violence (Jan., 2000), pp. 54-71

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: the article analyzes the fear of school violence and review a program reducing school violence.

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: the program mentioned in the article to reduce school violence is the perfect solution to cultural conflict in school violence in my article.

10 Domenico Parisi, Federico Cecconi and Francesco Natale. “Cultural Change in Spatial Environments: The Role of Cultural Assimilation and Internal Changes in Cultures” Law & Society Review, Vol. 34, No. 3 (2000), pp. 521-565

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The articles analyze the positive and negative side of the cultural diversity.

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: the article gives proof that cultural diversity can produce conflicts between different group, which is an example of school violence.

Andrea Varnava-Works Cited

Alphonso, Caroline. "Rough It? Not in This Wired World." Globeandmail.Com. 12 Aug. 2006. .

Ferraro, Susan. "Tv Diet." Daily News 15 Sept. 1998. .

Fynes-Clinton, Jane. "The Box or the Books." Courier Mail (2003): l04. .

Holahan, Catherine. "Google is Watching You." Business Week Online. 25 June 2007. .

"Homework Websites Encourage Laziness." The Toronto Star 24 Oct. 2005. .

Jin, Foo E. "When Technology is Bad for Health." New Straits Times 22 Oct. 2007. .

Johne, Marjo. "Video Games are a Pain in the Neck-and Hands and Wrists;." The Globe and Mail 26 Dec. 2006. .

Mandel, Charles. "TV-Watching Kids are Homework Slackers: Tube Creates Boobs, Study Con-Firms; Television Proves Even More of a Distraction for Students Than Video Games." The Gazette 28 Sept. 2005. .

Mandel, Charles. "TV-Watching Kids are Homework Slackers: Tube Creates Boobs, Study Con-Firms; Television Proves Even More of a Distraction for Students Than Video Games." The Gazette 28 Sept. 2005. .

Mandel, Charles. "TV-Watching Kids are Homework Slackers: Tube Creates Boobs, Study Con-Firms; Television Proves Even More of a Distraction for Students Than Video Games." The Gazette 28 Sept. 2005. .

Mandel, Charles. "TV-Watching Kids are Homework Slackers: Tube Creates Boobs, Study Con-Firms; Television Proves Even More of a Distraction for Students Than Video Games." The Gazette 28 Sept. 2005. .

Marron, Kevin. "Web a Homework Helper More Than Ever But Using Internet Not Without Dangers." The Globe and Mail 19 Oct. 1999. .

Millat, Caitlin. "WII Therapy a Hit with CIty Seniors." Daily News 4 Feb. 2008. .

O'brien, John. "Remote Control." The Courier Mail 18 Oct. 2006. .

Proudfoot, Shannon. "More Gadgets Mean Less Family Time; Vanier Institute Study." National Post (F/K/a the Financial Post) 16 Oct. 2007. .

Proudfoot, Shannon. "Technology Leaving Canadian Families Wired - and Isolated." The Gazette 16 Oct. 2007. .

"Study Links TV Viewing and Lower Test Scores." The Washington Post 9 Apr. 1978. .

"Study Links TV Viewing and Lower Test Scores." The Washington Post 9 Apr. 1978. .

"Video Game From Humana Aims to Make Couch Potatoes Healthier." Business Insurance 17 Sept. 2007. .

Wylie, Katie. "Consoles Gives Residents a New Swing At Exercise; Electronic Games." The Press 30 Apr. 2008. .

Jessica's Sources for Research Paper

McCammack, Brian. “Hot Damned America: Evangelicalism and the Climate Change Policy Debate.” American Quarterly 59.3 (Sep. 2007): 645-668.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The article as a whole discusses the benefits of Global Warming. It talks about why we should not stop Global Warming as the author demonstrates more negative outcomes from stopping Global Warming than the continuation of Global Warming such as the poor will get poorer and Global Warming itself helps reduce the extinction of plant species and animals.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: The relevance of the article to my argument is that the author discusses how the rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations might result in some increase in global average temperature. However, increasing CO2 levels also result in enhanced plant growth and reduce desertification. Also he firmly establishes that it must not be ignored and he goes on to espouse the benefits of global warming in reducing species extinction.

“Interior seeks advice to minimize impact of wind turbines on wildlife.” Inside Energy with Federal Lands (Mar. 19, 2007): 14.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article is about how the measures the Interior Department is taking to reduce the danger of wind farms on bats, birds, and other wildlife, are insufficient. In the end, after reviewing comments on the guidelines and evaluating Interior said it decided that additional input would be valuable in developing a revised product from the FWS, which does not regulate wind energy development, and has proposed interim guidelines for citing and issued them two years later.”
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This helps prove my point because like the article coherent that “In some instances, wind power has been shown to kill birds and bats during their daily activities and their seasonal migrations. The extent of the killing depends on where the turbines are situated and features of turbine designs that either attract birds and bats or allow them to avoid the machines, according to an FWS information sheet.” On Tuesday, Secretary Dirk Kempthorne said "We know that wind power may be key to providing a vital new source of clean, renewable energy for America. But we also know that wind turbines can cause bird and bat mortality and may have other ecological impacts. This committee will help us examine issues such as site selection and turbine design so that we can develop wind resources while protecting wildlife."

Tuma, Debbie. “Turbine Plan in the Wind but foes fear farm may harm birds.” Daily News Suburbian (Sep. 17, 2007): 1.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article is about how the conflict of endangering birds comes into the way of the plans of building the nation’s first offshore wind farm to provide an alternate source of energy for 4,000 homes in Orient Point. But in the end, it is decided that the wind farm would be built as they would monitor the cite everyday to make sure no harm falls upon the wildlife.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This helps prove my point because it shows that to use wind farms as a solution to reduce the effects of Global Warming, the wildlife such as birds and fish are being jeopardized. Dennis Quaranta, president of Winergy, said “by building this first model wind farm off Orient Point, we would hope to let people see how we could use this renewable source of energy as an alternative to fossil fuels, like they have been doing successfully with 400 wind turbines in other parts of the world.” But the safety of animals should not be the price paid to have such solutions that can only help humans and not plant and animal species as Supervisor Scott Russell demonstrates at a recent meeting of the Southold Town Board where he said that “while alternative energy is an important goal, he was concerned about this particular site being situated in a "significant migratory bird area."


Hannan, Ewin. “'Parrot risk' wind farm to move turbines.” The Australian (Sep. 25, 2006): 4.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The article is about how a company called Bald Hills Farms who were approached and stopped by Environment Minister Ian Campbell for constructing turbines that would have caused potential migratory problems for an endangered species of birds called the orange-bellied parrot. In the end, since the parrot’s flight path is mostly within 2km of the coast and 6 out of the 52 turbines proposed for Bald Hills are within 2km of the Victorian coast or along the 2km boundary, therefore Campbell has convinced the company to move 6 of the turbines out of the route of harming the already endangered species of orange-bellied parrot.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This helps prove my point because this article shows how our conversions to wind farms and inventing turbines is a good solution for Global Warming and for our society but it provides harm to an endangered species of birds, the orange-bellied parrot, by potentially causing migratory problems. According to Senator Campbell, “the wind farm had the potential to kill one parrot a year, where the claim was based on the cumulative impact of 17 wind farms”, and this is held true, then not only will the orange-bellied parrot’s be endangered but they soon won’t exist.

Loder, Asjyln. “Nuclear Plant raises concerns, naturally.” St. Petersburg Times (Nov. 7, 2007): 1D.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article is about how the Levy County nuclear power plant in Florida planned by the Progress Energy that is supposed to help provide a home for endangered species such as the red-cockaded woodpecker in turn provide harm to delicate fisheries by hacking into the forest preserves to make way for transmission lines. In the end, the nuclear power plant is going to be built next as they are hoping the positives will outweigh the negatives.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This helps prove my point because by hacking into the forest preserves, the food, shelter, environment, and the lives of animals such as snakes, rabbits, insects, tigers, and etc. will be destroyed and therefore ruin the entire forest along with the hundreds of animals that reside within. Also The environmental protection department “wanted assurances that the plant's water-cooling system will not damage the ecosystem near the Withlacoochee River or harm sea grass. The department was also concerned about the plant's potential impact on the Goethe State Forest. The 42,000-acre preserves borders on its northern edge.”

“Misconception on 'energy saving' could do more harm to our environment.” The Straits Times (May 22, 2007).
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article as a whole talks about how the two ideas of energy saving and environmental friendly are being confused by combining together. “Energy saving is a means to reduce greenhouse gas emission but if a lot of waste is created in the process, it is not environmentally friendly.” Many energy saving solutions are presented but with side-effects that provide harm to both the environment and indirectly to animals. The solution that was decided to be the best solution was nuclear plants even though they create wastage which gets dumped in the water. But without considering the waste factor, the best solution to reducing greenhouse gas emission is to use nuclear power because it has zero gas emission.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This helps prove my point because the different energy solutions to reduce the global average temperature from rising, a direct effect of Global Warming, has a negative effect attached that can provide harm to animals examples being “Fluorescent lamps, be it in compact or tubular form, need a device called ballast to limit the lamp current. There are two types of ballasts, namely electronic ballasts and magnetic ballasts. Limited by the lifetime of a component called electrolytic capacitor, e-CFLs have typical average lifetime ranging from seven months (6,000 hours) to about 14 months (10,000 hours).Each unit consists of two parts, namely an electronic ballast housed inside the plastic cover and a folded fluorescent lamp. The electronic ballast consists of toxic components and chemicals such as PBB and PCB, while the fluorescent lamp contains typically 3mg to 8mg of highly toxic mercury. Another problem of e-CFLs is that the electronic ballast fails faster than the lamps. This causes unnecessary wastage of lamps and mercury. Using e-CFLs to reduce carbon dioxide emission for a short time could lead to rapid accumulation of toxic chemicals, heavy metals and non-biodegradable e-waste that can harm the environment for thousands of years.”

Melissa's Sources for Research paper

1. Raviv, Amiram, Sadeh, Avi, Raviv, Alona, Selberstein, Ora and Diver, Orna. "Young Israelis' Reactions to National Trauma: The Rabin Assassination and Terror Attacks."

Summary of Article
This article was a study conducted on Israelis’ students following the Rabin assassination and terror attacks. The article dealt with the trauma of tragedies.
Relevance to Argument
This article helps to show the effects of tragedies on people. It reinforces the emotions and reactions of people.


2. Koopman, Cheryl “Political Psychology as a Lens for Viewing Traumatic Events Vol. 18, No. 4 (Dec., 1997)”

Summary of Article
This article is about understanding “traumatic events” in a psychological perspective. It deals with all kinds of tragedies, wars, holocaust and international events and the forms of trauma.
Relevance to Argument
This article helps the reader to understand the types of trauma and the psychological effects that it have on people in different situations.

3. Haider-Markel, Donald P and Joslyn, Mark R. “Gun Policy, Opinion, Tragedy and Blame Attribution: The Conditional Influence of Issue Frames.”
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Summary of Article
This articles deals with different type of tragedies and how it happened, what could have been done and who or what should be blamed for the event.
Relevance to Argument
This article reinforces my argument that after tragic event occurs people tend to find something or someone to blame.


4. Gephart, Robert P. Jr. "The Textual Approach: Risk and Blame in Disaster Sensemaking."

Summary of Article
This article discusses the different ways a tragic event could be analyzed as in risks of the event and blame after the event.
Relevance to Argument
This article helps to prove my argument that after a tragic event people tend to blame something or someone for the event.

5. Glossop, Ronald J, “Explaining Human Behavior” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Mar., 1970), pp. 444-449

Summary of Article
This article analyzes human behavoir as the processes/movements and actions/activities, then it explain these behaviors.
Relevance to Argument
This articles helps to prove my argument on the way human behavior in different situations.

6. Cole, David “Secrecy, Guilt by Assocation, and the Terrorist Profile” Journal of Law and Religion, Vol. 15, No. 1/2 (2000 - 2001), pp. 267-288
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Summary of Article
This article is about how innocent people are being blamed because of their association (similar culture) with people caused a tragic event.
Relevance to Argument
This article helps my argument that people blame others for tragic events and also discriminate against an entire group because of the tragedy that a few people of that group have caused.

7. Banta, Thomas J. "The Kennedy Assassination: Early Thoughts and Emotions” The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Summer, 1964), pp. 216-224 <>
Summary of Article
This article is a study of the reactions, thoughts, emotions and speculations of the public a few hours after President Kennedy was assassinated.
Relevance to Argument
This article helps my argument by exploring the reaction of the public after a tragic event.

8. Pyszczynski, Tom; Solomon, Sheldon and Greenberg, Jeff “In the wake of 9/11: The psychology of terror.” Terror management theory: An evolutionary existential account of human behavior.

Summary of Article
This article explores the feelings that people have during and after tragic events. It deals with their reaction to the events and the different emotions that they go through.
Relevance to Argument
This article helps to my paper by showing the state of mind of people during and after a tragic event.

9. Reiss, Steven “Instead of assigning blame after tragedy, find meaningful lessons and move on”

Summary of Article
This article address what happens after a tragic event and what can be done instead of blaming others.
Relevance to Argument
This article will help to prove that people tend to blame others after tragic events and also give solutions on what to do instead of blaming others.

10. Bucher, Rue “Blame and Hostility in Disaster” The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 62, No. 5 (Mar., 1957), pp 467-475.

Summary of Article
This article analyzes interviews person that was in a disaster to reveal the reason why they blame others after such an event.
Relevance to Argument
This article helps my argument by showing that people blame other after events. It also helps us to understand why people blame people when such events occur.

nikita's new work cited page

Work Cited
Brasted, Monica. The Reframing of Traditional Cultural Values: Consumption and World War I. Advertising & Society Review. (Volume 5. 2004). 30 April 2008. .
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The article discussed how the purchasing and exchange of goods is influence the media. The media influences every aspect of the human life in America and most decision based on the media influence. The article mentions about scholar in 1986 conducting a researcher to explain adverting closely and display views from the scholar.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: this article helps prove my argument because this display how human’s decisions are based on media ‘s power to convince . also the article shows how media adversment is strong that humans are trapped in media’s plan.Bunch, John B. “Educational Media and Aesthetic Education”. Journal of Aesthetic Educatio., Vol. 20. No. 3. (Autumn, 1986). pp. 81-92. 2 may 2008. .

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The media informs and convince the public so greatly that people don’t want to see the truth. The positive aptitude of the media is learning for the aesthetics. It provides their mind with new patterns and wider imaginations. Then article goes into andote about teacher showing a photographer and then the author discuss the result.

RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT:the article shows clear evidence that people learn from media and at the same time people so deeply influence media that they forget to see the truth.



DiMaggio, Paul; Eszter Hargittai, W. Russell Neuman and John P. Robinson . Social Implications of the Internet.Annual Review of Sociology,.Vol. 27. (2001). pp. 307-336. 1 May 2008. .
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The article explains about the influence of the internet. The internet dominating the social and economical world; the influence of the internet involved in people daily life. Nowadays most of the representation of public is done by internet while during the late 90’s it was telephone or face to face interaction.

RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: the article shows that another ascept of the media effecting human behavior in negative way. Also it shows the benefit to the economic and the influence in daily life.

Gao, Zhihong.The Future of Foreign Advertising in China: The Lessons of History Advertising & Society Review .Volume 4.2003. 1 May 2008.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The article discuss about the forergin influence of media in china since the late 70s’. Also the article mention about the Chinese political party involvement shaping the media world to the Chinese. The main focus is the world trade center influence in Chinese economic and politics.

RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: the article explores about not only media effect are existing in US, but also foreign countries like china. This article will explain the arugement how the media influences the politics , economis, and social ascept of human lives.

Hope, Wayne; Johnson, Rosser. What is an Infomercial? Advertising & Society Review. (Volume 5. 2004). 2 may 2008.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The article defined the word infomercial and explained how the audiences misunderstand the definition. Throughout the article describe and relates the word. Also display charts and data explaining advertisement being organized.

RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: this article helps prove that infomercial and the data indicates that media has negative effect. Throughtout the article shows benefit and making of the ads.

Hoyer, Wayne D ;Jacoby, Jacob.Viewer Miscomprehension of Televised Communication: Selected Findings. Advertising & Society Review. (Volume 1. 2000) .1 may 2008. <>.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The study organized by the AAAA group, displays statistics evidence that proofs that media influence human lives greatly. The statically data receive indicates that many media form such advisements; concepts are misread by the audiences.

RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: the article shows statistical evidence that effect of media is greatly negative on human behavior. That many of the adversiments are misread and that could turning point of the arugment.


O'Barr, William M."Subliminal" Advertising. Advertising & Society Review . (Volume 6.2005 ). 1 may 2008. .
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The article discusses about the subliming and relates to the influence to human world. The starting of the article the author gives an example how media industry urges you get involve. They are so influential that the audience give in too quickly and the audience feel has if they being hypothetic.

RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: the article helps prove that media is maze and creates trap in human life. The media is complex and it creates confusing in human life. A lot of negative feature of the media are stated in the article which explain in depth about the media’s influence.

Rice, Ronald E. Task Analyzability, Use of New Media, and Effectiveness: A Multi-Site Exploration of Media Richness. Organization Science.Vol. 3.No. 4 (Nov., 1992). pp. 475-500. 2 May 2008. .

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The article argues that only media can decide what to present the audience with. Mostly the contingency theory is discussed and how the media is benefit to the public. There are different character tics of the media and mostly the negative are viewed and the positive are overlooked.

RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: the article shows the other side of the arugment . this article will show not only negative , but in explain in theorgical form about the benefit of having media in human lives.
Treviño, Linda Klebe; Webster, Jane and Stein, Eric W. Making Connections :Complementary Influences on Communication Media Choices Attitudes, and Use. Organization Science. Vol. 11. No. 2 .(Mar. - Apr., 2000). pp. 163-182. 2 May 2008. .
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The article discuss the importance of communication and how it effecting industries and people. The article mentions the difference between modern and old technique used. There are some positive contribute of the media it fulfills human with knowledge.

RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: the article will help prove there are some positive contribution by media that benefit human life. The article discuss of importance for communicating in human lives.

Washington ,Robert E. and David Karen. Sport and Society. Annual Review of Sociology.Vol. 27 (2001). pp. 187-212 . 30 April 2008. .
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The article explains how the sport being so precious to the public also victim of the media. The article discuss how athletic market products and how the involves shaping human behavior. This athletics are role model for many and they are the puppets in media hands.


RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: thearticle clearly and deeply suggest that precious entertainment like sports are influence by media. This article explain throughout the sport industry is influence directly by media and how easily it convinces human to act such way.

5.7.08

For Wednesday, please bring to class your bibliography for the final project. Check the prompt to the right for details on the formating, which should alternate MLA format works cited entries with the 'Summary of Article' entry and the 'Relevance to Article' entry. The result should look like this:

Works cited entry

(tab)SUMMARY OF ARTICLE:
(tab)RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT:


As I suggested in class, two things to look out for. Your Summary of Article should have some reference to the conclusions of the authors, and your Relevance to Argument entry should be explicit: 'This helps prove my point because...'

Also, for those of you who are still strugglig with finding sources, feel free to open up your search to any of the CUNY+ database listings.

Magdalena-sources

http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4210841.stm

This article tells us what people think of Aushwitz .People have different ideas how to think about concentration camps. The Jewish leader is sensitive about this and uses strong words
and expresses emotions.The Polish president does the same thing almost. The German is in a different situation and he is silent . I think that the Jewish person from Warsaw Ghetto said a smart thing during the aniversaries of Wharsaw Ghetto Uprising. The person said'' We should always remember but we should not live with hate because only then we win with the devil''.
He also said'' What I saw very few people saw and they can not talk about this too much''

Magdalena-sources

http://goeasteurope.about.com/od/poland/p/auschwitz.htm

This page describes the issues I will argue about. It tells us that the visitors are able to make photos and I think it is bad because later we don't know where the photos are going.
Some of the displays on you tube about camps are not appriopriate. The land which is still full of blood should not be photgraphed by people who are visiting the camp.

Magdalena's sources

My sources are the newspapers about Aushwitz -Birkenau.
The page Aushwitz Museum.
Polish Jews Organization Page.
I will be discussing the museum and what should be forbidden in the museum.
I will do research why you can not see the whole museum, but only the things they want us to see.

Melissa's sourses for research

Raviv, Amiram, Sadeh, Avi, Raviv, Alona, Selberstein, Ora and Diver, Orna. "Young Israelis' Reactions to National Trauma: The Rabin Assassination and Terror Attacks."
<http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3791792.pdf>
Summary of Article
This article was a study conducted on Israelis’ students following the Rabin assassination and terror attacks. The article dealt with the trauma of tragedies.
Relevance to Argument
This article helps to show the effects of tragedies on people. It reinforces the emotions and reactions of people.


Taylor, Diana; Elam, Harry J. "A Forum on Theatre and Tragedy: A Response to September 11, 2001 Volume 54, Number 1, March 2002."
<http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/theatre_journal/v054/54.1forum.html>
Summary of Article
This article was about the September 11th attack and it was linked with tragedies of the theatre. It also mentioned the country that that carried out and discrimination against the people of that country and anyone who’s not with the Americans.
Relevance to Argument
This article dealt with the fact that others are blamed after a tragic event. It shows that not only the people that caused the event are blamed but also innocent people.

Koopman, Cheryl “Political Psychology as a Lens for Viewing Traumatic Events Vol. 18, No. 4 (Dec., 1997)”
<http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/pdfplus/3792212.pdf>
Summary of Article
This article is about understanding “traumatic events” in a psychological perspective. It deals with all kinds of tragedies, wars, holocaust and international events and the forms of trauma.
Relevance to Argument
This article helps the reader to understand the types of trauma and the psychological effects that it have on people in different situations.

Haider-Markel, Donald P and Joslyn, Mark R. “Gun Policy, Opinion, Tragedy and Blame Attribution: The Conditional Influence of Issue Frames.”

Summary of Article
This articles deals with different type of tragedies and how it happened, what could have been done and who or what should be blamed for the event.
Relevance to Argument
This article reinforces my argument that after tragic event occurs people tend to find something or someone to blame.

Golda Markowitz- Works Cited

Topic: The government consists of many organizations that each contribute differently to emergency events. Each carries its own responsibility and has its own way in responding to disasters. One of the government’s main organizations, The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), has proven to play a major role in strengthening federal leadership in emergency management, particularly in efforts to avert disaster losses.


Works Cited

Gardner, David R. “The Federal Emergency Management Agency and Its Role in Historic Preservation.” APT Bulletin 35.1 (2004) : pp. 49-53. 30 April 2008 .

Like other federal agencies, FEMA has ten regional offices, each of which manages federal disaster activities for a region of the country.


Giuffrida, Louis O. “FEMA: Its Mission, Its Partners.” Public Administration Review: A Challenge for Public Administration 45 (1985) : pp. 2-2. 30 April 2008 .

FEMA provides guidance, leadership, and when appropriate- direct financial aid to communities planning for, responding to and recovering form major emergencies of all kinds.


May, Peter J. “FEMA’s Role in Emergency Management: Examining Recent Experience.” Public Administration Review: A Challenge for Public Administration 45 (1985) : pp. 40-48. 30 April 2008 .

In light of the many changes in policy and organization since the 1950’s, the creation of FEMA as a grand experiment involving a recasting of the federal role in emergency management and a new approach to fulfilling that role.


McLoughlin, David. “A Framework for Integrated Emergency Management.” Public Administration Review: A Challenge for Public Administration 45 (1985) : pp. 165-172. 30 April 2008 .

FEMA is ready to privies assistance when the demand exceeds the capacity of state and local resources to respond and recover.


Mushkatel, Alvin H. & Weschlet, Louis F. “Emergency Management and the Intergovernmental System.” Public Administration Review: A Challenge for Public Administration 45 (1985) : pp. 49-56. 30 April 2008 .

Several components of the FEMA organization and mission apparently are ill- suited to the challenge the agency faces within the context of the existing intergovernmental policy system.


Schneider, Saundra K. “FEMA, Federalism, Hugo, and Frisco.” Publius: The State of American Federalism 20.3 (1989-1990) : pp. 97-115. 30 April 2008 .

For disasters of this magnitude (a major earthquake in San Francisco Bay area), FEMA is the main federal government agency in charge of implementing relief efforts.


Settle, Allen K. “Financing Disaster Mitigation, Preparedeness, Response, and Recover.” Public Administration Review: A Challenge for Public Administration 45 (1985) : pp. 101-106. 30 April 2008 .


FEMA Statistics indicate that from April 1, 1974, to September 30, 1983, only 59 percent of requests by state governors for a presidential disaster declaration were approved.


Sylves, Richard T. “Review: Ferment at FEMA: Reforming Emergency Management.” Public Administration Review 54.3 (1994) : pp. 303-307. 30 April 2008 .

FEMA is in the national spotlight as a result of congressional scrutiny, and public criticism. Both the NAPA and the GAO were commissioned by Congress to critically investigate FEMA in light of its poor performance before, during, and after Hurricane Andrew in 1992.


Watkins, Stephanie. “Developing Statewide Emergency and Disaster Preparedness Expertise.” Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 39.1 (2000) : pp. 165-172. 30 April 2008 .

Founded in 1979, FEMA states that its mission is to “reduce loss of life and property and protect our nation’s critical infrastructure from all types of hazards through a comprehensive, risk- based, emergency management program of mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.


Waugh, William L, Jr. “Regionalizing Emergency Management: Counties as State and Local Government.” Public Administration Review 54.3 (1994) : pp. 253-258. 30 April 2008 .

GAO recommends improvements in the damage assessment process and in state and local capacities, as well as in the structure and function of FEMA.

Jessica- Work Cited

Colwell Rita R. “Global Climate and Infectious Disease: The Cholera Paradigm.” American Association for the Advanced of Science 274.5295 (Dec. 20, 1996) : 2025-2031.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE- This article talks about how Global Warming causes weather change with draughts that cause animlas to migrate and carry disease along with them. This disease then spreads on to humans and there are many cases in the hospital where the disease results in the death of the person. Such an example of a disease where many cases were discussed and reviewed are The Cholera Paradigm.

Lawton, John, et al. “Individualistic species responses invalidate simple physiological models of community dynamics under global environmental change.” Journal of Animal Ecology 47.4 (1998): 600- 612.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE- This article talks about how the global temperature change has different effects on individual species and there were experiments held in laboratories to conduct research and show the effects. One such situation was where they examined three Drosophila in a lab that copied a latitudinal climate of 15 degrees C.

McCammack, Brian. “Hot Damned America: Evangelicalism and the Climate Change Policy Debate.” American Quaterly 59.3 (Sep. 2007) : 645-668.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE-The article as a whole discusses the benefits of Global Warming. It talks about why we should not stop Global Warming as the author demonstrates more negative outcomes from stopping Global Warming than the continuation of Global Warming such as the poor will get poorer and Global Warming itself helps reduce the extinction of plant species and animals.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT- The relevance of the article to my argument is that the author discusses how the rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations might result in some increase in global average temperature. However, increasing CO2 levels also result in enhanced plant growth and reduce desertification. Also he firmly establishes that it must not be ignored and he goes on to espouse the benefits of global warming in reducing species extinction.

Merrryfield, Merry M. “Science-Technology- Society and Global Perspectives.” Lawerence Erlbaum Associates 30.4 (1991): 288-293.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE- The article wants to inform people, especially students, to pay attention to the change of global impact on their lives. They want to provide information about these Global Changes and let us know how much in the past century, Globalization has increased by large amounts.

Michener, William K. et al. “Climate Change, Hurricanes and Tropical Storms, and Rising Sea Level in coastal Wetlands.” Ecological Society America 7.3 (1997) : 770- 801.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE- The article basically covers the fact of the rising sea levels that are caused by an effect of Global Warming and how this leaves an impact of devastatiokn in costal wetlands where natural diasters occur.

Smith, S.V. “Global Change and Coral reef Ecosystems.” Review of Ecology and Systematics 23 (1992): 89- 118.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE-This article talks about the effect of global warming on coral reef ecosystems and their response to global change. Also with how they cope and change with the effect that has intervened.

Thornes, John. “Global environmental change and regional response: the European Mediterranean.” The Royal Geographical Society 20.3 (1995): 357-367.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE- This article presents us with the fact that the signifance for people is mapped out by the geography of the impact more than the objects of the global change. Therfore location is a key factor and they use old Eurpean Mediterranean to set that example.

Andrea Varnava-Topic

The topic that I have chosen is how technology and automation has impacted American culture and lifestyles today. The research will consist of the differences from about 50 years ago to now. Showing how the effect of technology has affected people’s everyday lives possibly even including the effect on the environment. It also impacts on children’s education, for example how does technology impact their reading and writing skills or their school work in general. What could this mean for their future? As well as the different health risks that also can occur. The research will help show how technology has effected people today.

Rena Adler- Work Cited

Work Cited

Becker, Steven M. "Commentary: Psychological Assistance After Environmental
Accidents: A Policy Perspective." Environmental Health Perspectives 105 (1997): 1557-1563.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The article discusses psychosocial assistance given to victims following environmental accidents and emergencies.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Becker writes that natural disasters are “acts of G-d” and therefore do not lead to blame. Conversely, technological disasters are caused by other human beings and consequently elicit blame. Furthermore, although natural disasters often lead to the production of a “therapeutic community” rather than blame, they also have the potential to divide a community.

Drayer, Calvin S. "Psychological Factors and Problems, Emergency and Long- Term."
Annals of the American Academy of Political Science and Social Science 309 (1957): 151-159.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Drayer discusses responses before, during and following a catastrophe. Often, feelings of fear, anxiety and guilt are felt following a disaster. The way to remove these horrible feelings is through proper training.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Following a natural disaster, people do not feel a need to blame others human beings. Rather, they are viewed as “acts of G-d”.

Edwards, Margie L. Kiter. "An Interdisciplinary Perspective on Disasters and Stress:
The Promise of an Ecological Framework." Sociological Forum 13 (1998): 115-132
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Kiter writes that disasters influence each person’s mental health in different ways due to unique conditions of each individual.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Regarding disasters caused by humans, “people tend to affix blame and define the event as preventable, resulting in greater anxiety than is associated with disasters caused by environmental agents” (117). Thus, Kiter does not feel that blame is a result of a natural disaster.

Fritz, Charles E. and Williams, Harry B. "The Human Being in Disasters: A Research
Perspective." Annals of the American Academy of Political Science and Social Science 309 (1957): 42-51.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Fritz and Williams discuss the way in which victims behave during disasters.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Fritz and Williams strongly argue that blame does not actually occur following a natural disaster. Rather, it is only a
“commonly held stereotype that in the wake of disasters people inevitably and universally… heap blame for the disaster on innocent victims…find little support in systematic findings” (49). In addition, they assert that any blame that does seem to appear is only due to the victims’ desires that the disaster does not occur again, “agents who are blamed…are blamed for disasters in the future…” ( 49) Furthermore, any blame that is clearly seen is due to only a few people who are in search of a scapegoat. Also, newspapers often prominently display blame felt by only a minority of people, thus causing one to feel as though blame is felt by a majority. The newspapers then “create issues on which the public is expected to stand…” (50)

Gephart, Robert P. "The Textual Approach: Risk and Blame in Disaster Sensemaking."
The Academy of Management Journal 36 (1993): 1465-1514.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Regarding a lethal pipeline accident, Gephart analyzes risk and blame using textual and ethnographic approaches.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Often the head of an organization is blamed for disasters.

Kasperson, Roger E. and Pijawa. "Societal Response to Hazard and Major Hazard
Events: Comparing Natural and Technical Hazards." Public Administration Review 45 (1985): 7-18.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Most often, natural hazards occur in non- developed countries. However, with the advent of technology, technological hazards have been occurring with greater frequency. The article discusses the way in which hazards are managed and the ways in which technological catastrophes affect the victims and their communities.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Following a natural disaster, a “therapeutic community” and a strong sense of rebuilding results. Conversely, after a technological disaster, blame is placed upon an individual or responsible organization.

Mitchell, James K., et al. "A Contextual Model of Natural Hazard." Geographical Review
79 (1989): 391-409.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: In England, following a catastrophic storm, little was done. This was due to many other issues at that time that were regarded as more urgent. Thus, a natural disaster can be modified due to sociocultural, political, environmental and economic issues at that time.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Frequently, technological reasons for disasters are used and favored over reasons that are not the result of technology.

Moore, Harry Estill. "Toward a Theory of Disaster." American Sociological Review 21
(1956): 733-737.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Catastrophes are seen as situations which are uncontrollable and thus result in psychological reactions.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Following a catastrophe, “persons begin to seek someone to blame for their losses” (736). Their reason for doing so is that victims are then able to “search for a scapegoat on whom emotional tension may be released” (736). Additionally, “people argue that they did nothing to deserve such a fate; therefore someone else must have” (736).

Turner, Barry A. "The Organizational and Interorganizational Development of
Disasters." Administrative Science Quarterly 21 (1976): 378-397.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The way in which people behaved following three large scale catastrophes were studied. Additionally, the conditions which caused these disasters to result were also examined.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Sometimes, following a tragedy, rather than acting in a simple manner, people begin to “take action to shift the blame” (391).

Turner , Ralph H.. "Integrative Beliefs in Group Crises." The Journal of Conflict
Resolution 16 (1972): 25-40.
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Turner discusses which instances cause conflicts amongst groups to escalate.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Great effort is made to place blame for a tragedy upon a portion of a community. Each group then tries to place blame upon the other. However, the opposite is seen as well, “residents show a surprising reluctance to single out officials for blame” (26). The reason for this is that only “individuals who have previously aroused anger are suitable recipients” (26).

Insia Saleh - Works Cited

Works Cited


Ch'ien, Evelyn Nien-Ming. "Intimate Decisions: Racial Profiling After September 11 and in the Case of Wen Ho Lee." CR: the New Centennial Review 6 (2006): 215-44. Project Muse. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008
<http://muse.jhu.edu.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/journals/new_centennial_review/v006/6.2ch ien.pdf>.

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article argues against racial profiling by media after September 11 against Arab Americans and also in Win Ho Lee case against Chinese Americans. After Sept. 11, major US media shows Arab Americans as criminals or “potentially dangerous” and failed to report the hate crimes against Arab Americans which was reported in foreign media. Major media sources consistently failed to provide intimate or detailed reports of non-white citizens who were racially outlined or the victims of hate crimes. The author also gives some examples of use of language by the reporters which totally changes the meaning from what actually happened to what media was trying to show (hatred).
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This article helps me to prove that media is seen biased in reporting and how it influences people's minds by its reports. This article not only deals with influence on public but also influences the judges and the juries in decision making.

Chong, Sylvia Shin Huey. "Look, an Asian!: the Politics of Racial Interpellation in the Wake of the Virginia Tech Shootings." Journal of Asian American Studies 11 (2008): 27-60. Project Muse. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008
<http://muse.jhu.edu.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/journals/journal_of_asian_american_studie s/v011/11.1chong.pdf>.

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article is all about Virginia Tech Shooter who was reported by the media as an Asian in specific Korean. This relieved other Asian communities that the shooter was not from their ethnic group which would have led them to leave the country if he belonged to their community. This article also includes how we discriminate people racially just by looking at them just because of one person's actions.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This article tries to show how the media distinguishes between different people based on their race and then by influencing through the media we also perform the same action i.e. differentiating between different groups of people by Negros, Asians, Whites, and so on.

Eveland, William P., Jr., and Dhavan V. Shah. "The Impact of Individual and Interpersonal Factors on Perceived News Media Bias." Political Psychology 24 (2003): 101-117. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/3792512>.

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article gives evidence that media is biased for particular candidate and shows how the media get biased and affect on individuals.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This article proves the individual differences in news bias perceptions.

Gilliam, Franklin D., Jr., Nicholas A. Valentino, and Matthew N. Beckmann. "Where You Live and What You Watch: the Impact of Racial Proximity and Local Television News on Attitudes About Race and Crime." Political Research Quarterly 55 (2002): 755-80. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/view/3088078>.

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article exposes to the stereotypes which supports “local crime news and neighborhood racial context on attitudes about race and crime”. This article also proves that “white respondents living in white homogeneous neighborhoods endorsed more punitive policies to address crime, expressed more negative stereotypic evaluations of blacks, and felt more distant from blacks as a group. Whites from heterogeneous neighborhoods were either unaffected or moved in the opposite direction, endorsing less punitive crime policies, less negative stereotypes, and feeling closer to blacks as a group as a result of exposure to the stereotypic coverage”.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This shows that it all depends upon where we live and what we watch in order to get influenced by the people around us. This also proves that news develops our attitude towards race and crime and thereby getting racially biased.

Hagen, Michael G. "References to Racial Issues." Political Behavior 17 (1995): 49-88. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/pdfplus/586557.pdf>.

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article deals with the issue of race which comes to the minds of ordinary Americans, the "accessibility" of racial issues-by assessing the frequency with which ordinary Americans refer to racial issues when talking about politics. The author also argues that there is little evidence that many white Americans use references to such issues to express hostility toward black Americans. And this seen in presidential elections where people give votes based on the candidate's racial belonging.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This article will help me prove that racial bias is not only the issue with the crimes but also to other aspects of world like politics, elections and so on.

Lundman, Richard J. "The Newsworthiness and Selection Bias in News About Murder: Comparative and Relative Effects of Novelty and Race and Gender Typifications on Newspaper Coverage of Homicide." Sociological Forum 18 (2003): 357-86. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/pdfplus/3648888.pdf>.

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: Selection of the news is made according to the “newsworthiness” as seen by the journalists who craft the news. However “journalists isolate news-worthy events using typifications that reflect existing social structure, appear logical in terms of commonsense understandings of the ways the world operates, sounds, and feels, and mesh easily with existing stereotypes, including those grounded in the belief systems that reflect and nourish race and gender stratification”.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: Journalists are responsible for the biased shown in their news and the crimes happen due to the influence through their news. Newsworthiness as represented by journalists is an incomplete explanation of selection bias. Instead, news about murder is the product of journalistic assessments of newsworthiness firmly grounded in long-standing race and gender typifications.

Monti, Daniel J. "Biased and Unbiased News: Reporting Racial Controversies in the New York Times." The Sociological Quarterly 20 (1979): 399-409. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/view/4106257>.

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article includes newspaper bias evaluation using the New York Times' coverage of racial controversies in New York City between 1960 and July 1964. The news is constructed in a way that supports powerful parties rising bias in their reporting. News stories about the powerful may be included very often while the news about poor are excluded.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: The newspapers are not trustworthy on which someone can rely upon. If newspapers can provide unbiased picture of an issue, it is desirable to determine what is contained in the picture.

Terkildsen, Nayda, and David F. Damore. "The Dynamics of Racialized Media Coverage in Congressional Elections." The Journal of Politics 61 (1999): 680-99. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/pdfplus/2647823.pdf>.

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: The media act as racial arbitrators by limiting racial emphases; the media bring race to the forefront of campaigns by highlighting candidate race. The media coverage of elections involving African-American candidates suppresses the use of race among the candidates themselves, but accents the race of black candidates and their constituents.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This article clearly shows the biased nature of media in elections. It gives reason for why the media get biased for the white candidates during elections; so as to get future importance to themselves with the help of the non-black candidates and thus growing themselves and not the country as a whole.

Valentino, Nicholas A. "Crime News and the Priming of Racial Attitudes During Evaluations of the President." The Public Opinion Quarterly 63 (1999): 293-320. JSTOR. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008 <http://www.jstor.org.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/stable/pdfplus/2991710.pdf>.

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This prompt further consideration of the political impact of stereotype-reinforcing news. The news coverage can influence the way average citizens view the political world .
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: This helps in proving that how media behaves during elections through getting racially biased.

Weitzer, Ronald John, and Steven A. Tuch. "Racially Biased Policing: Determinants of Citizen Perceptions." Social Forces 83 (2005): 1009-30. Project Muse. CUNY Library, New York. 4 May 2008
<http://muse.jhu.edu.central.ezproxy.cuny.edu:2048/journals/social_forces/v083/83.3weitzer.pd f>.

SUMMARY OF ARTICLE: This article is about behavior of police getting racial biased including differential treatment of individuals and neighborhoods, police prejudice, and racial profiling. This is due to the exposure to news media reporting on incidents of police misconduct. The perception of police practices as unfair or as racially motivated may lead to more frequent and severe confrontations between police and citizens and to greater distrust of the police.
RELEVANCE TO ARGUMENT: The reported experiences with police bias and the major determinants of citizens’ perceptions is all due to the media reporting. This reporting gives a negative impact on public's minds toward police department and people loose confidence from police as well.

Nikita 's Mla form

Nikita Soni
English 110
Professor Henkel
May 5, 2008

Brasted, Monica.The Reframing of Traditional Cultural Values: Consumption and
World War I. Advertising & Society Review . (Volume 5. 2004). 30 April 2008. .
The article discussed how the purchasing and exchange of goods is influence the media. The media influences every aspect of the human life in America and most decision based on the media influence. The article mentions about scholar in 1986 conducting a researcher to explain adverting closely and display views from the scholar.

Bunch, John B. “Educational Media and Aesthetic Education”. Journal of Aesthetic
Educatio., Vol. 20. No. 3. (Autumn, 1986). pp. 81-92. 2 may 2008. .
The media informs and convince the public so greatly that people don’t want to see the truth. The positive aptitude of the media is learning for the aesthetics. It provides their mind with new patterns and wider imaginations. Then article goes into andote about teacher showing a photographer and then the author discuss the result.

DiMaggio, Paul; Eszter Hargittai, W. Russell Neuman and John P. Robinson . Social
Implications of the Internet.Annual Review of Sociology,.Vol. 27. (2001). pp. 307-336. 1 May 2008.
.
The article explains about the influence of the internet. The internet dominating the social and economical world; the influence of the internet involved in people daily life. Nowadays most of the representation of public is done by internet while during the late 90’s it was telephone or face to face interaction.

Gao, Zhihong.The Future of Foreign Advertising in China: The Lessons of History Advertising & Society Review .Volume 4.2003. 1 May 2008.

The article discuss about the forergin influence of media in china since the late 70s’. Also the article mention about the Chinese political party involvement shaping the media world to the Chinese. The main focus is the world trade center influence in Chinese economic and politics.

Hope, Wayne; Johnson, Rosser. What is an Infomercial? Advertising & Society Review.
(Volume 5. 2004). 2 may 2008.

The article defined the word infomercial and explained how the audiences misunderstand the definition. Throughout the article describe and relates the word. Also display charts and data explaining advertisement being organized.


Hoyer, Wayne D ;Jacoby, Jacob.Viewer Miscomprehension of Televised Communication:
Selected Findings. Advertising & Society Review. (Volume 1. 2000) .1 may 2008. <>.

The study organized by the AAAA group, displays statistics evidence that proofs that media influence human lives greatly. The statically data receive indicates that many media form such advisements; concepts are misread by the audiences.

O'Barr, William M."Subliminal" Advertising. Advertising & Society Review . (Volume
6.2005 ). 1 may 2008. .
The article discusses about the subliming and relates to the influence to human world. The starting of the article the author gives an example how media industry urges you get involve. They are so influential that the audience give in too quickly and the audience feel has if they being hypothetic.
Rice, Ronald E. Task Analyzability, Use of New Media, and Effectiveness: A Multi-Site
Exploration of Media Richness. Organization Science.Vol. 3.No. 4 (Nov., 1992). pp. 475-500. 2 May 2008. .
The article argues that only media can decide what to present the audience with. Mostly the contingency theory is discussed and how the media is benefit to the public. There are different character tics of the media and mostly the negative are viewed and the positive are overlooked.

Treviño, Linda Klebe; Webster, Jane and Stein, Eric W.
Making Connections :Complementary Influences on Communication Media Choices Attitudes, and Use. Organization Science. Vol. 11. No. 2 .(Mar. - Apr., 2000). pp. 163-182. 2 May 2008. .
The article discuss the importance of communication and how it effecting industries and people. The article mentions the difference between modern and old technique used. There are some positive contribute of the media it fulfills human with knowledge.
Washington ,Robert E. and David Karen. Sport and Society. Annual Review of
Sociology.Vol. 27 (2001). pp. 187-212 . 30 April 2008. .
The article explains how the sport being so precious to the public also victim of the media. The article discuss how athletic market products and how the involves shaping human behavior. This athletics are role model for many and they are the puppets in media hands.